职业病与女工保护..ppt

职业病咨询 松江区安全生产监督管理局 电话松江区卫生局卫生监督所 电话 联系我：汤宇斌 6775935 * * * * 金属中毒常由吸入金属烟尘引起。 急性铅中毒是由于食用含铅化合物引起，有恶心、呕吐、腹绞痛等，严重可导致毒性肾炎、中毒性肝炎和贫血。慢性中毒常见于铅冶炼和蓄电池制造业，铸字和焊接工人也有发生，典型症状为贫血、腹绞痛、周围神经炎、脑病等。 汞为银白色液体金属，常温即有蒸发。汞蒸气无色无味。慢性中毒主要由吸入汞蒸气和汞化合物粉尘导致，以精神－神经、齿龈炎、震颤为主要症状，大剂量吸收将首先产生腐蚀症状，对肾脏、肝脏有损害，可导致妇女月经失调和流产。 职业性锰中毒主要为慢性中毒，常见于吸入锰烟尘的工人，如锰矿开采和冶炼、锰焊条生产和使用等，可导致手指震颤、腱反射亢进、对周围事物缺乏兴趣，最终发展为语言障碍、四肢震颤、步态困难、强迫观念、冲动行为等精神症状。对呼吸系统损害可导致肺炎、尘肺。 其它金属中毒还包括镉中毒、铍中毒、镍中毒、砷中毒等。 * 首先，从第一步识别开始。 * “The best method to reduce worker exposure to respiratory hazards is to eliminate or reduce the concentration of contaminants in the air.” “And how can we do this?” Wait for responses from the audience…recognize them, and keep your audience with you… “There are two key strategies: work on engineering controls and use effective protective equipment.” * “One of the best strategies for worker protection is the application of engineering control measures.” “There are many ways engineer out the exposure to contaminants: local, area or general ventilation, opening windows , replacement or elimination of dangerous substances in the process, engineering changes to processes, enclosing or surrounding machines or building a booth for the worker.” Workers who have day to day knowledge about their jobs and the equipment they work with can significantly contribute to the solution to problems. They can also help in improving the processes. When you have an idea for a process or equipment change that can reduce or eliminate contamination at its source - especially those “simple things” - share them! Many companies today even have financial rewards for those ideas that save them money or improve work conditions.” * 如何选用呼吸保护器呢？首先看都有哪些类型。 * 主要分两类：过滤式和供气式。 过滤式中分半面式、全面式和电动送风式。半面式包括免维护型简易口罩和低保养型半面罩，前者虽没有需要更换的部件，但由于卫生原因，使用时间有限；低保养型需要更换滤棉或滤毒盒。半面式与全面式的不同在于全面式覆盖人的整个脸部，比较容易与人脸密合，减少泄漏。无论半面式还是全面式，都依靠人的自主呼吸将作业场所中的含污染物空气吸入，通过过滤材料滤除污染物，吸气时面罩内呈负压，所以如