环境影响的费用效益分析(ppt 92页)-精.pptVIP

货币汇率（Foreign exchange） S D ￥ per ＄ ＄ Shadow price Exchange rate Import quota 外部性问题（Externality） ?Definition: An externality is present where the well-being of a consumer or production possibilities of a firm are directly affected by the action of another agent in the economy. 外部性问题（Externality ） To obtain efficient output level of good which generates a negative externality, needs to consider TSC: Total social cost = private production cost + external cost imposed on others? Negative Externality ——Example of steel: Total social cost = Total private cost + To