第8章公共物品与公共资源解析.ppt

第8章 公共物品与公共资源 课堂练习道路的分类 道路是这四种物品中的哪一类？ 提示：答案取决于物品是否是拥挤的，以及它是否收费。考虑不同的情形 参考答案 消费中的竞争性？仅当道路是拥挤的时候 排他性？仅当道路收费时 四种可能性： 不拥挤也不收费：公共物品 不拥挤但收费：自然垄断 拥挤但不收费：公共资源 供给也收费：私人物品 课堂练习 公共资源的政策选择 小镇上的人们（或者他们的政府）能为防止这种悲剧做点什么？ 尝试想出两种或三种办法 参考答案 管制公地的使用（“命令与控制”的方法） 对土地的使用征收一种矫正性税收，使“外部性内部化” 拍卖数量有限的牧羊许可证 把土地分成小块，并出售给家庭；每个家庭将会有不过度放牧的激励 * Using the two characteristics on the preceding slide, we can classify most goods in one of the four categories on this slide. As each example displays, explain why it belongs to its category/classification. E.g., food is a private good because: 1) It is excludable: you cannot have any unless you buy it. 2) It is rival in consumption: if you eat that fish taco, I won’t be able to eat it. * The textbook exposits these ideas using a simple example – a fireworks display in Smalltown, U.S.A. The Study Guide offers another example, in which the cost of installing a streetlight in a neighborhood is less than the collective benefits of the people who live on that street – yet, no one takes the initiative to provide it. * The electromagnetic frequency spectrum is a common resource. It is not excludable: anyone with the right equipment can use it. It is rival in consumption: there’s a limited amount of spectrum available. The U.S. FCC has been auctioning licenses to use parts of the spectrum since 1994. These auctions raise substantial revenue for the federal government, and help allocate spectrum efficiently (firms that can use it most productively bid the most in the auctions). * Regarding congested roads: please encourage your students to read the new “In the News” box entitled “A Solution to City Congestion.” * This case study is not in the textbook. This brief exercise gives students practice applying the definitions of rival and excludable and the four different types of goods. Suggestion: Tell students they have 1-2 minutes to formulate an answer, then another 2 minutes to compare their answer with tha