疼痛pain(英文版)！.ppt

 Pain is a subjective feeling and difficult to measure. Serves as one of the bodies defense mechanisms, resulting from stimulation of pain receptors. TOTAL PAIN Visible Pain Hidden Pain Significance of Pain Pain is adaptive Alerts us to danger Motivates escape and avoidance learning Motivates recuperation Congenital insensitivity to pain Pain is partly subjective Influenced by expectations and emotions Impact of Pain on the Dimensions of Quality of Life Pain is defined by the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) as “an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage” (Mersky 1979) “the inability to communicate verbally does not negate that the individual is experiencing pain and is in need of appropriate pain relieving treatment” (unconscious, pre-verbal, intellectually disabled, non-English, impaired communication etc) Pain pathways Specialized receptors = free nerve endings Stimulation Mechanical damage Extreme temperature Chemical irritation Two types of neurons A-delta: first pain, sharp C: second pain, dull Four distinct processes Transduction, transmission, modulation, perception Gate Control Theory Ronald Melzack Patrick Wall Gate-Control Theory Pain Assessment Accurate pain assessment is essential for effective pain management. Pain is subjective and experienced uniquely by every individual, nurses need to assess all factors affecting the pain experience. Assessment of Pain Intensity Brief Pain Inventory: Cleeland Please rate your pain by circling the one number that best describes your pain ____________________________________________________________ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 No Pain Pain as bad as you can imagine What is your Pain at it’s Best / Worst/ Present/ AverageIn the past 24