电磁场与电磁波第一课要点.ppt

Electromagnetic field theory fundamentals (bilingual course)电磁场与电磁波(双语课程） (1) Grasp the basic attributes and movement rules about macro electromagnetic fields. (2) Grasp the basic solving methods of macro electromagnetic field problems. (3) Know the main application of macro electromagnetic fields. (4) Develop ability to solve practical problems using mathematics. 学习方法和要求 Learning approaches and requirements (1) Preview before class. (2) Pay attention in class. (3) Take the notes in class. (4) Do some homework after class. (5) Read intensively one or two reference books 1 Vector Analysis Since the differential length element is we can rewrite (1) as where Definition : Gradient of the scalar field u is What is the meaning of the gradient of a scalar field? where is a unit vector from P to Q in the direction of dl . The maximum of rate of change is dl 最小时，du/dl最大。 此时el在P点垂直于等值面u。 Note： (1) The gradient of a scalar function yields a vector. (2) Its magnitude is equal to the maximum rate of the function with distance. That is, the maximum directional derivative. (3) Its direction is in the direction of that maximum rate of change. (4) is also normal to the equiscalar surface (line ) . Example 1.6.1 If u(x,y,z) is a continuously differentiable scalar function, show that Solution The gradient of a scalar function u(x,y,z) is The curl of is Since u(x, y, z) is continuously differentiable, we have , and . Hence Conclusion: If the curl of a vector field is zero the vector field A can be expressed in terms of a gradient of a scalar function u. That is, where the choice of plus (+) or minus (-) sign depends upon the physical interpretati