汉语文言和现代英语句法结构主要差异及其翻译.docVIP

汉语文言与现代英语句法结构的主要差异及其翻译 Syntactic Differences of Classical Chinese and Modern English 意合与形合 （parataxis vs. hypotaxis） 意合法（parataxis）是指词与句、句子与句子之间的组合往往在外部形态上没有明显的标记，而主要依靠意义上的关联来“粘合”； 形合法（hypotaxis）是指句子与词组合在外部形态上有明显的标记，当形态标记不充分的时候，还可用其他语法手段来显示词组、句子、句群中各成分之间的相互关系。 由于汉英两种语言在句法结构上面的差别，因此，在汉语文言和现代汉语互译时，可根据实际情况分别采用意合法或形合法。 采用形合法 由于汉语句式重意合，英语句式重形合，所以汉译英时许多具有意合特点的汉语句式有必要转换成具有形合特点的英语句式。翻译时不能像原文那样表述，否则就会显得支离破碎，句子结构不完备或出现串句（run-on sentence）。 采用意合法 形合法是英语的主要特征，但这并不意味着汉语的意合译成英语时统统都得用形合法。事实上，现代英语也具有某些形合的体征，只是这一特征不及汉语意合法那么显著而已。英语中的意合形式主要通过标点符号、省略的形式来达到。 儒有不金宝玉，而忠信以为宝；不祈土地，立义以为土地；不祈多积，多文以为富；难得而易禄也，易禄而难畜也。非时不见，不亦难得乎？非义不合，不亦难畜乎？先劳而后禄，不亦易禄乎？其近人而有如此者。 ——《礼记·儒行》 The scholar does not consider gold and jade to be treasures, but leal-heartedness and good faith; he does not desire lands and territory, but considers the establishment of righteousness as his domain; he does not desire a great accumulation of wealth, but looks on many accomplishments as his riches; it is difficult to win him, but easy to pay him; it is easy to pay him, but difficult to retain him. As he will not show himself when the time is not proper for him to do so, is it not difficult to win him? As he will have no fellowship with what is not righteous, is it not difficult to retain him? As he must first do the work, and then take the pay, is it not easy to pay him? -–such are the conditions of his close association with others. --trans. by James Legge leal:忠实的，真实的 riches：财富，财产 生乎吾前，其闻道也固先乎吾，吾从而师之；生乎吾后，其闻道也，亦先乎吾，吾从而师之。 ——韩愈《师说》 The men born before me surely know the truth before me, so I respect them as teachers, whereas those born after me may also know the truth before me, I likewise respect them as teachers. --谢百魁译 孟子曰：“民为贵，社稷次之，君为轻。” ——《孟子》 Mencius said, “The people are