不定积分方法简介课程.docVIP

不定积分方法简介 一.分式类 Ⅰ.分子分母均为多项式,分子次数较高,可用分式除法?如: C Ⅱ.分子分母均为多项式,分子次数比分母低一次?如: 可令,则原式=㏑㏑+CⅢ.分母换元型: 令,则原式= Ⅳ.有理分式:类?如: Ⅴ.用或型?如: 令则原式= Ⅵ.分式中存在多个指数小于一的幂函数,设(n为各指数最小公倍数的倒数)如: 令 则原式= 二.三角函数类 Ⅰ.万能公式 类: 令则原式= Ⅱ.用型: 令 则原式= 令 则原式= Ⅲ.型,例: Ⅳ.反三角函数替换,如:①. 令则 原式= ②.令,则 原式= =三.其他类 指对数函数 ①.积分内函数后移 ②.两次替换 === Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank Johns Hopkins University for the TC-1 cells. This work was supported by a National Health Research Institutes intramural grant (IV-103-PP-22) and grants from the National Science Council, which were awarded to Y.C. Song (NSC 99-2321-B-400-004-MY3) and S.J. Liu (NSC 103-2321-B-400-008). Author Contributions Y.C.S. and S.J.L. designed the studies. Y.C.S. performed the research and analyzed the data. Y.C.S. and S.J.L. wrote the manuscript. Additional Information C57BL/6 mice were immunized subcutaneously (s.c.) once with 1 μ g of peptide mixed with or without 10 μ g of CpG adjuvant. After one week, splenocytes were harvested, and the response of IFN-γ -secreting cells was determined by ELISPOT after 48 h of peptide stimulation. Briefly, 2 × 105 splenocytes were incubated with 1 μ g/ml irrelevant peptide or RAH peptide in an anti-IFN-γ -coated polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) plate for 48 h. After incubation, the cells were removed, and a biotinylated anti-IFN-γ Ab (eBioscience, San Diego, CA, USA) was added to each well. The plates were incubated at 37 °C for 2 h. Following the addition of the avidin-HRP reagent (eBioscience, CA, USA), the assay was developed using a 3-amine-9-ethyl carbazole (AEC; Sigma-Aldrich, MO, USA) staining solution. The reaction was stopped after 4–6 min by placing the plate under tap water. The spots were counted using an ELISPOT reader (Cellular Technology Ltd., Shaker Heights, OH, USA). For RAH-specific T cell staining, spleens were harvested seven days after the immunizations, and RAH-specific CD8+ T cells were detected by tetramer staining using a PE-labeled RAH tetramer (Beckman Coulter, CA, USA)