换算截面课程.docVIP

第二节 换算截面 一?基本假定 1.平截面假定? 2.弹性体假定? 3.受拉区出现裂缝后,受拉区的混凝土不参加工作,拉应力全部由钢筋承担? 4.同一强度等级的混凝土,其拉?压弹性模量视为同一常值,不随应力大小而变,从而钢筋的弹性模量和混凝土的弹性模量之比值为一常数值,即/?与混凝土的强度等级有关?《公桥规》规定钢筋混凝土构件的截面换算系数? 二?截面变换 将截面受拉区纵向受拉钢筋的截面面积换算成假想的能承受拉应力的混凝土截面面积,如图? 并满足: 1?虚拟混凝土块仍居于钢筋的重心处且应变相同,即 2?虚拟混凝土块与钢筋承担的内力相同,即 由虎克定律(Hookelaw)得: 根据换算截面面积承受拉力的作用应与原钢筋的作用相同的原则可得 所以, 上式表明,截面面积为的纵向受拉钢筋的作用相当于截面面积为的受拉混凝土的作用,即称为钢筋的换算截面面积? 三?换算截面的几何特性表达式 (一)?单筋矩形截面 1?换算截面面积: 2?换算截面对中性轴的静矩: 2?换算截面对中性轴的静矩: 受压区: 受拉区: 3?换算截面对中性轴的惯性矩 4?受压区高度x: 对于受弯构件,开裂截面的中性轴通过其换算截面的形心轴,即 若将符号(受压区相对高度)及(配筋率)代入上式,则可得到 5?受压区边缘混凝土应力 6?受拉钢筋应力 (二)?双筋矩形截面 对于双筋矩形截面,截面换算的方法就是将受拉钢筋的截面和受压钢筋截面分别用两个虚拟的混凝土块代替,形成换算截面? (三)?单筋T形截面 确定受压区高度x,先假定中性轴位于翼缘板内,即 若计算结果,则表明中性轴在翼缘板内,因此,应按宽度为的矩形截面计算? 若计算结果换算截面的静矩应按下式计算 换算截面对其中性轴的惯性矩为: ? Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank Johns Hopkins University for the TC-1 cells. This work was supported by a National Health Research Institutes intramural grant (IV-103-PP-22) and grants from the National Science Council, which were awarded to Y.C. Song (NSC 99-2321-B-400-004-MY3) and S.J. Liu (NSC 103-2321-B-400-008). Author Contributions Y.C.S. and S.J.L. designed the studies. Y.C.S. performed the research and analyzed the data. Y.C.S. and S.J.L. wrote the manuscript. Additional Information C57BL/6 mice were immunized subcutaneously (s.c.) once with 1 μ g of peptide mixed with or without 10 μ g of CpG adjuvant. After one week, splenocytes were harvested, and the response of IFN-γ -secreting cells was determined by ELISPOT after 48 h of peptide stimulation. Briefly, 2 × 105 splenocytes were incubated with 1 μ g/ml irrelevant peptide or RAH peptide in an anti-IFN-γ -coated polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) plate for 48 h. After incubation, the cells were removed, and a biotinylated anti-IFN-γ Ab (eBioscience, San Diego, CA, USA) was added to each well. The plates were incubated at 37 °C for 2 h. Following the addition of the avidin-HRP reagent (eBioscience, CA, USA), the assay was developed using a 3-amine-9-ethyl carbazole (AEC; Sigm