曲线的曲率课程.docVIP

曲率[qǔ lǜ] tortuosity 曲线的曲率(curvature)就是针对曲线上某个点的切线方向角对弧长的转动率,通过微分来定义,表明曲线偏离直线的程度?数学上表明曲线在某一点的弯曲程度的数值?曲率越大,表示曲线的弯曲程度越大?曲率的倒数就是曲率半径? 曲率是几何体不平坦程度的一种衡量?平坦对不同的几何体有不同的意义? 本文考虑基本的情况,欧几里得空间中的曲线和曲面的曲率?一般意义下的曲率,请参照曲率张量? 例子 CD上点A和临近一点A各做一条切线,A和A之间的弧长为ΔS,两条切线夹角为α,则曲线CD在A点的曲率为 曲线CD在A点的曲率 A和邻近的另外两点B1,B2,当B1和B2无限趋近于A时,此圆的极限位置叫做曲线A点处的曲率圆?曲率圆的中心和半径分别称为曲线在A点的曲率中心(centre of curvature)和曲率半径(radias of curvature)? 圆弧的曲率半径,就是以这段圆弧为一个圆的一部分时,所成的圆的半径? 曲率半径越大,圆弧越平缓,曲率半径越小,圆弧越陡?曲率半径的倒数就是曲率?曲率 k = (转过的角度/对应的弧长)?当 角度和弧长同时趋近于0时,就是关于任意形状的光滑曲线的曲率的标准定义?而对于圆,曲率不随位置变化? 在动力学中,一般的,一个物体相对于另一个物体做变速运动时也会产生曲率?这是由于时空扭曲造成的?结合广义相对论的等效原理,变速运动的物体可以看成处于引力场当中,因而产生曲率? 按照广义相对论的解释,在引力场中,时空的性质是由物体的“质量”分布决定的,物体“质量”的分布状况使时空性质变得不均匀,引起了时空的弯曲?因为一个物体有质量就会对时空造成弯曲,而你可以认为有了速度,有质量的物体变得更重了,时空弯曲的曲率就更大了? 在物理中,曲率通常通过法向加速度(向心加速度)来求,具体参见法向加速度? 曲率概念 曲率半径 Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank Johns Hopkins University for the TC-1 cells. This work was supported by a National Health Research Institutes intramural grant (IV-103-PP-22) and grants from the National Science Council, which were awarded to Y.C. Song (NSC 99-2321-B-400-004-MY3) and S.J. Liu (NSC 103-2321-B-400-008). Author Contributions Y.C.S. and S.J.L. designed the studies. Y.C.S. performed the research and analyzed the data. Y.C.S. and S.J.L. wrote the manuscript. Additional Information C57BL/6 mice were immunized subcutaneously (s.c.) once with 1 μ g of peptide mixed with or without 10 μ g of CpG adjuvant. After one week, splenocytes were harvested, and the response of IFN-γ -secreting cells was determined by ELISPOT after 48 h of peptide stimulation. Briefly, 2 × 105 splenocytes were incubated with 1 μ g/ml irrelevant peptide or RAH peptide in an anti-IFN-γ -coated polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) plate for 48 h. After incubation, the cells were removed, and a biotinylated anti-IFN-γ Ab (eBioscience, San Diego, CA, USA) was added to each well. The plates were incubated at 37 °C for 2 h. Following the addition of the avidin-HRP reagent (eBioscience,