曼昆经济学原理(微观部分)第章消费者选择理论.pptVIP

结论:人们真的这样想吗？ 人们并不是在画出预算约束线和无差别曲线之后，再来做消费决策。 但他们力图在资源有限的情况下，做出能最大化他们满意程度的决策。 本章的理论只是作为消费者如何做决策的一个比喻。 它很好地解释了许多情况下的消费者行为，也为更高深的经济分析提供基础。 消费者预算约束线表示在其收入与物品价格为既定时，它可以购买的不同物品的可能组合。预算约束线的斜率等于这些物品的相对价格。 收入增加使预算约束线向外移动，一种物品价格的变动使预算约束线发生转动。 消费者的无差异曲线代表其偏好。无差异曲线表示能使消费者同样满足的各种物品组合。消费者对较高无差异曲线上各点的偏好大于对较低无差异曲线上的各点。 内容提要 任何一点上无差异曲线的斜率是消费者的边际替代率 — 消费者愿意用一种物品交换另一种物品的比率。 消费者通过选择既在预算约束线上又在最高无差异曲线上的一点来实现最优化。在这一点上，边际替代率等于两个物品的相对价格。 当一种物品价格下降时，对消费者选择的影响可以分解为收入效应和替代效应。 内容提要 收入效应是由于价格降低使消费者状况变好而引起的消费变动，它反映在从较低无差异曲线向较高无差异曲线的移动上。 替代效应是由于价格变动鼓励更多地消费变得相对便宜的物品而引起的消费变动，它表现为沿着一条无差异曲线向有不同斜率的点的变动上。 内容提要 消费者选择理论适用于许多情况。它可以解释为什么需求曲线有可能向右上方倾斜，为什么工资提高既可能增加也可能减少劳动供给量，为什么利率提高既可能增加也可能减少储蓄。 内容提要 * The two-good assumption greatly simplifies the analysis without altering the basic insights about consumer choice. If your students remember the Production Possibilities Frontier, you might tell them that a budget constraint is, in essence, a “consumption possibilities frontier” for the consumer: it shows all combinations (bundles) of the two goods that the consumer can afford to buy. At A, Hurley has few fish, so an additional fish is very valuable to him. At B, Hurley already has lots of fish, so an additional one is not as valuable to him. Hurley has more fish at B than at A, so an extra fish would be less valuable at B than at A. * It is hard to think of examples of perfect substitutes. (Even nickels and dimes are probably not perfect substitutes: I’d rather carry 10 dimes in my pocket than 20 nickels.) But it’s easy to think of examples that are close substitutes, and therefore are likely to have indifference curves that are not very bowed: 1) Movies (at the movie theater) and videos at home. A consumer might be willing to trade two videos for one night at the movies. 2) Coke and Pepsi (for consumers that do not perceive much difference between them). 3) Vacations in Hawaii and vacations in the Bahamas * Again, It is hard to think of examples of perfect complements. But it’s ea