水处理专业英语阅读4OperationsofPretreatment.docVIP

4 Operations of Pretreatment Several devices and structures are placed upstream of the primary treatment operation to provide protection to the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) equipment. These devices and structures are classified as pretreatment because they have little effect in reducing BOD5. Bar Racks Typically, the first device encountered by the wastewater entering the plant is a bar rack. The primary purpose of the rack is to remove trash and large objects that would damage or foul pumps, valves, and other mechanical equipment. Rags, logs, and other objects that find their way into the sewer are removed from the wastewater on the racks. In modern WWTPs, the racks are cleaned mechanically. The solid material is stored in a hopper and removed to a sanitary landfill at regular intervals. Bar racks placed upstream of grit chambers and pump are sized to have an open space of 50 to 150mm between each bar. Racks placed downstream of grit chambers normally have openings of 20 to 50mm, with 25mm being a commonly accepted value. Channel approach velocities are held between 0. 4 and 0. 9m/s. Two channels are provided to allow one to be taken out of service for cleaning and repair. Grit Chambers Inert dense material such as sand, broken glass, silt, and pebbles is called grit. If these materials are not removed from the wastewater, they abrade pumps and other mechanical devices, causing undue wear. In addition, they have a tendency to settle in corners and bends, reducing flow capacity and, ultimately, clogging pipes and channels. There are three basic types of grit removal devices: velocity controlled, aerated, and constant level short-term sedimentation basins. We will discuss only the first two, since they are the most common. Velocity controlled. This type of grit chamber, also known as a horizontal flow grit chamber, can be analyzed by means of the classical laws of sedimentation for discrete, non-flocculating particles. Stokes’ law may be used for the analysis a