Proteinsynthesis教程分析.pptVIP

6. Protein synthesis Including 6.1 Genetic code 6.2 tRNA structure and function 6.3 Aspect of protein synthesis 6.4 Mechanism of protein synthesis 6.5 Initiation in eukaryotes 6.6 Translational control and post-translational events 6.1 Genetic code 6.1.1 Deciphering 6.1.2 Features Degeneracy Universality and speciality Wobble 6.1 Genetic code Nature The genetic code is the way in which the nucleotide sequence in nucleic acids specifies the amino acid sequence in protein. It is a triplet code, where the codons are adjacent and are not separated by punctuation. Because many of the 64 codons specify the same amino acid, the genetic code is degenerate. 1954年物理学家Gamow首先提出遗传密码问题。蛋白质含有20种氨基酸，而核苷酸只有4种，不可能是1对1，2对1的关系，所以至少要有3个核苷酸组成一个密码，43=64。 三联体密码是非重叠的，而且是连续编码的。1961年Crick等提出确切证据，证明三联密码子理论是正确的。 1961年Nirenberg等最初使用添加合成的多聚尿嘧啶核苷酸为mRNA模板，在无细胞蛋白质合成系统中，合成出只含1种氨基酸（苯丙氨酸）的多肽，由此推断UUU三联体代表着Phe的密码子。同法证明CCC-脯氨酸，AAA-赖氨酸。进而用2种或3种核苷酸的共聚物作为模板，确定了20种氨基酸密码子的碱基组成，但不知道它们的排列顺序。 1964年Nirenberg和Leder还用核糖体结合技术来解决密码问题。用人工合成的三核苷酸取代mRNA作为模板，在含核糖体、AA-tRNA的反应液中保温，然后使反应液通过硝酸纤维素滤膜。游离AA-tRNA能通过，而三核苷酸模板可以促使其相对应的AA-tRNA结合到核糖体上，体积大而被滞留在膜上。从而测出三联体对应的氨基酸。 1966年，完全确定了20种氨基酸的密码子。 Features 18 out of 20 amino acids have more than one codon to specify them, called synonymous codons（同义密码子）. Only methionine and tryptophan have single codons. Generally, synonymous codons differ only their third position. 6.2 tRNA structure and function 6.2.1 tRNA primary and Secondary structure 6.2.2 tRNA tertiary structure 6.2.3 tRNA function 6.2.4 Aminoacylation of tRNAs 6.2.5 Aminoacyl-tRNAs synthetases tRNA primary structure The linear sequence of tRNAs is 60-95nt long, most commonly 76. There are many modified nucleosides present, notably, thymidine (T), pseudouridine (ψ假尿嘧啶), dihydrouridine (D, 二氢尿嘧啶) and inosine (I次黄嘌呤). There are 15 invariant(不变体) and eight semi-variant residues in tRNA molecules. tRNA secondary structure The cloverleaf structure. 50-95nt. Four stems (arms) and three loops: Amino acid acceptor stem, no loop D-