肾病知识(初级)创新.docVIP

肾病知识（初级） 第一题：肾脏在人体中的作用有哪些？ I. What are the functions of the kidneys? 肾脏是维持机体内环境稳定的重要器官： important organ, which is maintaining the stability of internal environment: 1、 排泄代谢终产物 1. Excretend product of metabolism of the body. 2、 调节血容量 2. Regulat blood volume. 3、 维持电解质和酸碱平衡 3. balance of electrolyte and pH. 4、 分泌多种活性物质，以保证机体的正常生理功能。 4. Secretvarious active substance to guarantee normal physiological fun-*. ctions of the body. 第二题：肾脏的解剖结构？ II. Anatomy of the Kidney? 肾脏解剖结构分为肾皮质和肾髓质： 1. kidney may divided into the cortex and the medulla: 1、肾皮质：位于表层，占肾脏的外1/3，肾皮质的厚度为1.0cm，皮质内富含血管和皮质肾单位，其中除有肾小球、肾小囊外，还有部分远端肾小管和皮质集合管，皮质间质含量较少，约占13%。 2. The renal cortex refers to the outer region, which accounts for 1/3 of the kidney, and is 1.0 in thickness. This part is rich in blood vessels and cortical nephron, in which there are section of distal tubule and cortical collecting duct besides glomerulus and renal capsule, and cortical interstitial is relatively low, taking up 13%. 2、肾髓质：主要由肾小管组成，在形态上由8—18个肾锥体组成，呈圆锥状，尖端朝向肾窦，形成肾乳头，底部朝向外侧，与皮质相连，根据其结构特点，髓质可分为内带和外带。皮质和髓质并非截然分开，皮质中有许多条髓质放射状插入皮质，称皮质髓放线；髓放线之间的肾皮质称皮质迷路。部分肾皮质伸入肾锥体之间称为肾柱。 2. The renal medulla is mainly composed of renal tubules, and is divided into 8-18 conical renal pyramides, the apex of which extend towards the sinus of the kidney to form a papilla, while the base of each pyramid extend toward the outside and connect with the cortex. The medulla, in terms of its structural features, is divided into inner segment and out segment. Longitudinal elements extend into the cortex, which is termed the cortical medullary rays; and the renal cortex between the medullary rays is cortical labyrinth. The renal cortex extends downward between the individual pyramids to form the renal columns of Bertin. 第三题：肾脏的形状和位置？ III. Shape and location of the kidneys. 1、双肾为蚕豆状，左右各一。 2、位于脊柱两侧，居腹膜后方；右肾上方有肝脏，故位置略低于左肾。左肾上极平第11胸椎，下级平第二腰椎，右肾的上下级均低于左肾的一个胸椎和腰椎，（12胸椎至第三腰椎），两肾的长轴均向外倾斜，所以，背部12肋骨下方与骶棘肌外缘之间是肾脏的触诊区。肾脏内缘中部凹陷，称为肾门，是血管、神经和输