AnIntroductiontoOilandGas中英对照概述.docxVIP

 PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 23 Generation概论Petroleum is a highly variable mixture of hydrocarbons mixed with oxygen, sulphur, nitrogen, and other elements, including both liquids and gases (part of the gas being in solution because of the high pressure). Crude oils vary in color, from clear to tar-black, and in viscosity, from water to almost solid. They are thought to be derived from ancient organic material which existed many millions of years ago (hence it is known as a  HYPERLINK /fossil+fuel fossil fuel). The remains of marine plant and animal life were deposited along with rock-forming sediments under the sea where they were decomposed anaerobically (without oxygen) by bacteria which changed the fats in the sediments into fatty acids which were then changed into an asphaltic material called kerogen. This was then converted over millions of years into petroleum by the combined action of heat and pressure. The rate of deposition of the sediments must be sufficiently rapid for the organic matter to be preserved by burial before being destroyed bydecay. As time goes on the organic material is buried deeper and hence is exposed to higher temperatures and pressures. Eventually chemical changesresult in the generation of petroleum. Ultimately the subsidence will stopand may even reverse.石油是一种以碳氢化合物为主，并含有氧、硫、氮及其他元素，以气液两相形式混合存在的高度多样化的混合物（其中部分气体在高压情况下以溶解气的形式存在）。原油的颜色多种多样，从浅色到焦油色；粘度也不尽相同，有的是流动的液体，有的则近似固体。一般观点认为，原油由几百万年前的有机物形成（因此原油也被称为化石燃料）。海洋植物和动物的遗体和其他的成岩沉积物一起沉积在海底，细菌对其进行厌氧（无氧）分解，并将其中的脂肪转化为脂肪酸，然后脂肪酸转化为一种叫做干酪根的沥青材料。干酪根在高温高压的共同作用下经过几百万年的时间转化成石油。沉积物的沉降速度必须足够迅速，才能保证有机物在腐烂破坏之前能够被埋藏储存起来。随着时间的推移，有机物越埋越深，因此所受的温度和压力也越来越大，直至发生化学变化形成石油。最终沉降停止，甚至可能转而上升。As the great weight of the overlying rocks and sediments pushed downward, the organic material was squeezed out of its original sedimentary mud into adjacent sandstones. Small globules of oil collected together in the pores of the rock and eventually migrated upwards through layers of porous rock by the action of the oils own