汉英翻译基础程序.ppt

Y (all students) Y (John) We introduce a new type of constant: the universal quantifier（全称量词）?, with the meaning all, every or for everyone/everything holds that The existential quantifier(存在量词）? Someone /something Someone is conservative. ?x C (x) There is at least one x such that x is conservative. Symbols in logic analysis: individual constants :a, b, c, d, individual variables: x, y, z, … Predicate constants: A,B,C,D, sentence variables p, q, r quantifiers ?,? logical connectives ?,^,→,v ,≡ Proposition calculus 命题演算 P ^ q He studied hard and got a good mark. p v q Either John is in the office or he is at home. p→ q If Tom is taller than me, I’m shorter than him. P ≡ q P ? p Semantic presuppositions 语义公设 1 Entailment If John is bachelor, John is not married. ? x( B (x→ ?M (x) ) If John killed Bill ,Bill is dead. K (a, b)→ D (b) 2.Hyponymy This is rose. →This is flower. ?x (T (x) → F(x)） 3.Synonymy ?x( A (x) →B (x)) For all x ,if x is A, it is necessarily B, and for all x, if x is B, it is necessarily B. 4.Antonymy ?x( A (x) → ?B (x)) For all x ,if x is A, it is necessarily B, and for all x, if x is B, it is necessarily B. Questions and Exercises: 1.Translate the following sentences into predicate logic, using the symbols we learned in this chapter. (Symbols: l=Lancelot, h=the Holy Grail, Dx=x is a dragon, Nxy=x was nervous of y, Kxy=x was keen on y, Hxy=x hated y, Sxy=x searched for y) Lancelot hated all dragons. Every dragon was nervous of Lancelot. One dragon was nervous of everyone. Someone searched for the Holy Grail. Every dragon wasn’t keen on maidens. Every dragon who was keen on maidens was nervous of Lancelot. Not everyone searched for the Holy Grail. No dragon searched for Lancelot. 2.Using formal formulas to make the distinctive meaning of the following sentences: 1）Everyone hates someone. 2) John and Marry are married. Chapter 8 Cognitive Semantics 1.Three fundamental characteristics of cognitive linguistics An approach to