仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage3-214BWXHAZARDS资料.pptVIP

Radiation/Ground Fog Advection Fog Precipitation-Induced Fog Upslope Fog Stratus Clouds are Sign of Temp Inversion Restrictions to Visibility Icing Induction icing Carburetor air intake About -7°C (20°F) to 21°C (70°F) Relative humidity above 80%… But… Structural icing Rime ice - instantaneous freezing of tiny water droplets on aircraft surface. Clear ice - large water droplets, meaning fastest rate of accumulation. Mixed ice is combination of both Effects of Ice Increase drag and weight Decrease lift and effective thrust Structural icing can form: Visible moisture Temp or water or aircraft surface below freezing High THIN clouds are no threat (already frozen) Frontal systems can produce both rime and clear Icing Intensities Actions Typical Icing Locations in a Warm Frontal Zone Favorable Temperatures for Icing Freezing RainRapid Accumulation of Clear Icing!!! Ice Pellets are sign of Freezing Rain at a higher altitude Freezing Rain Decision Tree Avoiding Ice Encounters If freezing rain: Climb into warmer air NOW before you get too heavy lose climb capability! If ice: 180° turn or descend Trace, light, moderate, severe ice Frost causes early airflow separation— Remove before flight! Heated Windscreen De-icing Boots Hydroplaning Thin layer of standing water separating tires from runway Factors: High aircraft speed Standing water Slush Smooth runway texture Use light braking pressure Cold Weather Operations Preheat engine and cabin For proper operation of instruments and frosted spark plugs Prime engine, but don’t cause fire! Crankcase breather lines Vapor from engine can condense and freeze, which limits release of air from crankcase… Happens with older engines. Make sure aircraft surfaces are clear of ice, snow, or frost Be sure you have warm clothing in the unlikely event of an off-airport landing KNOW WEATHER HAZARDS!!! The weather can kill you. The more frequent the lighting the more severe the storm is Sound of lighting travels at 1,100 ft per sec. 5 sec