机械设计制造及其自动化专业英语翻译大全89.docVIP

Unit 1 Metals 金属 The use of metals has always been a key factor in the development of the social systems of man. Of the roughly 100 basic elements of which all matter is composed, about half are classified as metals. The distinction between a metal and a nonmetal is not always clear-cut. The most basic definition centers around以…为中心 the type of bonding existing between the atoms of the element, and around the characteristics of certain of the electrons某种电子 associated with these atoms. In a more practical way, however, a metal can be defined as an element which has a particular package of properties. 以…为中心 某种电子 Metals are crystallineadj.晶体的 when in the solid state and, with few exceptions极少例外 (e.g. mercury), are solid at ambient周围环境的 temperatures. They are good conductors of heat and electricity and are opaque不透明的 to light. They usually have a comparatively high density. Many metals are ductile柔软的；易延展的-that is, their shape can be changed permanently永久地，长期不变地 by the application of a force without breaking. The forces required to cause this deformation and those required to break or fracture a metal are comparatively high, although, the fracture forces is not nearly =far from,much less than as high as would be expected from simple consideration of the forces required to tear apart the atoms of the metal. adj.晶体的 极少例外 周围环境的 不透明的 柔软的；易延展的 永久地，长期不变地 =far from,much less than One of the more significant of these characteristics from our point of view is that of crystallinitycrystallinity [,krist?lin?ti]. A crystalline solid is one in which the constituent atoms are located in a regular three-dimensional array as if they were located at the corners of the squares of a three-dimensional chessboardn. 棋盘. The spacing of the atoms in the array is of the same order as the size of the atoms, the actual spacing being a characteristic of the particular metal. The directions of the axes of the array define the orientation of the crystal in space. The metals commonly used in engi