糖化学13讲述.ppt

糖化学 Glycochemistry 相关学科 Glycobiology 糖生物学 Glycochemistry 糖化学 glycotechnology 糖技术（糖工程） glycoengineering 糖工程 Glycoimmunology 糖免疫学 glycobioinformatics 糖生物信息学 glycoinformatics 糖资讯学 glycomics 糖组学 glycome 糖组 Macromolecules 1 糖类的结构与性质 异构 旋光异构 不对称碳原子 对映体 构型 构象 异头物 糖苷 还原糖判定 异构：化合物具有相同的分子式，但结构式或构型不同； 构型：具有相同的分子式和结构式，但原子在空间的排布不同； 旋光异构：由于存在手性碳（不对称碳原子）而具有旋光性； 糖苷（键） 环状单糖的半缩醛或半缩酮羟基与另一化合物发生缩合形成糖苷；糖苷键有O-苷、N-苷、S-苷等； O-苷 形式有： ?1→2, ?1→2 ?1→3, ?1→3 ?1→4, ?1→4 ?1→6, ?1→6 N-苷 S-苷 通过S原子与糖相连 C-苷 糖基直接与C原子相连 Major Classes of Animal Glycoconjugates Glycoconjugates(糖复合物）, are covalently attached to proteins and lipids and act as signals Glycoprotein 糖蛋白＝ 寡糖（少）＋ 蛋白（多） Proteoglycan 蛋白聚糖＝蛋白（少）＋糖胺聚糖（多） Peptidoglycan 肽聚糖 Glycolipid 糖脂 Glycosphingolipid 糖鞘脂 寡糖＋神经鞘氨醇 如含唾液酸，叫神经节苷脂（ganglioside） Glycosylacylglycerol 糖基酰基甘油 Lipopolysaccharide 脂多糖 There are four major size classes of carbohydrates Monosaccharides, or simple sugars made of a single polyhydroxyl aldehyde or keteon Disaccharides, sugars composed of two monosaccharide units; several make up Oligosaccharides, Oligo = a few - usually 2 to 10 ，which are monosaccharides linked together by glycosidic bonds Polysaccharides, sugars composed of more than 20 monosaccharide units Monosaccharides These are colorless, crystalline solids that are soluble in water but insoluble in nonpolar solvents Most have a sweet taste There are two major classes of monosaccharides If the carbonyl at the end of the carbon chain is an aldehyde醛, then the monosaccharide is an aldose(醛糖） If the carbonyl group is a ketone, then the monosaccharide is a ketose（酮糖） Can range from 3 carbon chains to 6 carbon chains All of the monosaccharides except dihydroxyacetone contain one or more chiral carbon atoms For molecules with n chiral centers, there are 2n stereoisomers that are possible For example, the aldohexoses（己醛糖）with their four chiral