第2章-溶液技巧.ppt

Chapter 2Solutions and Colloids溶液与溶胶;solutions, alloys合金, air? What are they?; The concentrations 浓度 of solutions can be expressed in different ways. 1. the mass fraction 摩尔分数 of the species B 物质B: ;3. the molality 重量摩尔浓度 of the species B:;Dispersion分散体系: one or more species disperse in another substance. ; Dispersoid分散相 Dispersant分散剂 dispersion Homo- NaCl(Na+,Cl?) H2O Solution溶液 geneous Rubber橡胶 C6H6(benzene ) Solution Hetero- Slurry泥浆 H2O Suspension悬浊液 geneous Oily Fat油脂 H2O Emulsion乳浊液 异相 Fe(OH)3 Fe(OH)3]n H2O Colloid胶体;Section 2 Colligative Properties of Dilute Solutions依数性稀溶液 ;p(H2O)饱和蒸气压: called the saturated vapor pressure of water, and its value varies with the temperature.; In a dilute solution, the vapor pressure of the solvent, p饱和 is not just the vapor pressure of the solution, p溶液.;The solute must be nonvolatile substance in dilute solutions. 溶质是难挥发的;Example例题: which of the following solutions has the lowest vapor pressure? (1) 0.1 mol·L?1 HAc (2) 0.1 mol·L?1 NaCl (3) 0.1 mol·L?1 H2SO4 (4) 0.1 mol·L?1 glucose;Boiling point of a liquid: Temperature at which its vapor pressure equals to 1 atmosphere.;p;Kbp、Kfp molar boiling point elevation constant and molar freezing point depression constant respectively. They depend upon the nature of the solvent only. Kbp、Kfp 为溶剂的沸点升高常数、凝固点下降常数，两者与溶剂的性质相关。;Semi-permeable membrane 半透膜: a membrane permits a solvent molecule rather than a solute molecule to pass through.;osmotic pressureΠ : the pressure required to stop the osmosis from a solvent into a solution. 溶剂向溶液渗透的压力。;Answer 解: From Raoult’s law, Π = c RT we have, 775 = c ? 8. 314 ? 310 thus, the concentration of glucose: c = (775 ? 8.314 ? 310) = 0.3 mol.L?1;A pressure greater than the osm