Mankiweconomiclecture04外部性和公共物品.ppt

Lecture Four Externality and Public goods;外部性;When the market works as it should…;当市场按着它应当运行的方式运行时…;EXTERNALITIES AND MARKET INEFFICIENCY;外部性与市场无效率;An externality arises… 外部性产生…;EXTERNALITIES AND MARKET INEFFICIENCY;外部性与市场无效率;EXTERNALITIES AND MARKET INEFFICIENCY ;外部性与市场无效率;EXTERNALITIES AND MARKET INEFFICIENCY ;外部性与市场无效率;EXTERNALITIES AND MARKET INEFFICIENCY;外部性与市场无效率;Welfare Economics: A Recap;福利经济学: 回顾;Figure 1 The Market for Aluminum;图1. 铝市场;Welfare Economics: A Recap;福利经济学: 回顾;Figure 2 Pollution and the Social Optimum;Q市场 ;Negative Externalities ;负外部性 ;Negative Externalities;负外部性;Positive Externalities;正外部性;Figure 3 Education and the Social Optimum;图3. 教育与社会最优;Positive Externalities;正外部性;Positive Externalities ;正外部性;PRIVATE SOLUTIONS TO EXTERNALITIES;外部性的私人解决方法;The Coase Theorem;科斯定理;Why Private Solutions Do Not Always Work为什么私下解决方式不能总是有效;PUBLIC POLICIES TOWARD EXTERNALITIES;解决外部性的公共政策;Command-and-Control Policies: Regulation;命令和控制政策：管制;Market-Based Policy 1: Corrective Taxes and Subsidies;以市场为基础的政策1: 纠正性税收和补贴;Market-Based Policy 1: Corrective Taxes and Subsidies;以市场为基础的政策1: 纠正性税收和补贴;Market-Based Policy 2: Tradable Pollution Permits ;以市场为基础的政策2: 可交易的污染许可证;Figure 4 The Equivalence of Corrective Taxes and Pollution Permits;图4. 纠正性税收和污染许可证的等效性;Figure 4 The Equivalence of Corrective Taxes and Pollution Permits;图4. 纠正性税收和污染许可证的等效性;When a transaction between a buyer and a seller directly affects a third party, the effect is called an externality. Negative externalities cause the socially optimal quantity in a market to be less than the equilibrium quantity. Positive externalities cause the socially optimal quantity in a market to be greater than the equilibrium quantity. ;当一个买者和一个卖者之间的交易影响到第三方时，这种影响被称为外部性。 负外部性导致一个市场中的社会最优产量比市场均衡产量低。 正外部性导致一个市场中的社会最优产量比市场均衡产量高。;Those affected by externalities can sometimes solve the problem privately. The Coase theorem states that if people can bargain without a cost, then they can always reach an agreement in which resources are