最小作用量原理.pptxVIP

最小作用量原理;目录;原理简略;用量最小的那个。这个原理称为最小作用量原理。 As a result of the research of light reflection and refraction, fermat had reached the conclusion that \nature happen through the shortest way.\ Since then, MoPei overseers in his 1744 announced a principle in a famous essay, he called it \the principle of minimum action.\ With a few other words and clear the principle: \nature is generated by the simplest way to work. If an object must be no obstacles to from this point to another point, nature will use the shortest way and the fastest speed to guide it.\ (the original has been not various laws of nature and consistent now. The academys report, April 15, 1744, p. 421) simply says that means any dynamic system is not affected in changes, the change way always make the relevant action to a minimum. In the observation of the physical reality (phenomenon), scientists believe, for different physical reality of the observer can be different, but its physical structure (regular) must be the same. In physics one way to describe the structure of the physical reality is action. This method from a functional perspective to examine and compare the object all possible movement (experience), that the object of the actual movement (experience) can be obtained from action for extremum, action is the smallest one. This principle is called the least action principle.;费马的表述;莫佩尔蒂的表述;欧拉表述;表观目的论;数学描述 ;近代发展;1746年，莫佩尔蒂更进一步地在伯林科学院发表了论文，Loix du mouvement et du repos （运动与静止定律）。他表明， 质点的运动也趋向于最小作用量。为了便于分析，物体的全部质量可以被视为集中于一点，称这一点为质点。在十八世纪前期，关于 质点经碰撞后的可能发生状况，有很大的争论。笛卡儿派与牛顿派物理学家认为，在碰撞下，几个质点的总动量与相对速度是恒定的。莱布尼茨派则认为活力 (vis viva) 也 是恒定的。由于两个原因，这论点是笛卡儿派与牛顿派无法接受的: 1. 活力恒定不能应用于硬物体（不能压缩的物体）。 2. 活力的数学定义是质量与速度平方的乘积。为什么速度在活力这数量里出现两次？ 莱布尼茨派辩明，理由很简单，任何物质对于运动都有一种自然的趋向。在静止状态，物体里含有一个内在的速度。当物体开始移动时，对应于实际的运动，又产生了第二个速度项目。;笛卡儿派与牛顿派则认为这辩理简直是胡言。对于中古学者，运动的内在趋向这句话，具有一种奥秘的性质；这中古学者的偏爱，必须毫无反顾地抗拒。今天，硬物体的概念已被完全地否定了。至于质量与速度平方的乘积，这数量则是动能的两倍。现代力学给予了活力一个很重要的角色。 对于莫佩尔蒂而言，硬物体的概念是很重要的。他提出的最小作用量原理有一个很特别的优点：这原理可以应用于硬物体与弹性物体。