1几何结晶学.ppt

Solids ;Solids ;Solids ;Crystals are solid - but solids are not necessarily crystalline;STM下的Si晶体;Early ideas;Group discussion;All M.C. Escher works (c) Cordon Art-Baarn-the Netherlands.All rights reserved.;Primitive Cell: simplest cell, contain one lattice point Not necessary have the crystal symmetry;How do we describe crystalline solids ？— Lattice; Lattice points must link up - cannot have gaps between adjacent points All lattice points must be identical (with identical environments) Lattice points must show the full symmetry of the structure ? next section;2D example – Square lattice (sodium chloride, NaCl);Choice of origin is arbitrary - lattice points need not be atoms - but unit cell size should always be the same.;This is also a unit cell - it doesn’t matter if you start from Na or Cl;- or if you don’t start from an atom;This is NOT a unit cell even though they are all the same - empty space is not allowed!;In 2D, this IS a unit cellIn 3D, it is NOT;平移操作;Definitions1. The unit cell;Translational vector;;5 Bravais Lattice in 2D;Square;Lattice Planes and Miller Indices;All planes in a set are identical The planes are “imaginary” The perpendicular distance between pairs of adjacent planes is the d-spacing Need to label planes to be able to identify them;Exercise - What is the Miller index of the plane below?;Plane perpendicular to y cuts at ?, 1, ? ? (0 1 0) plane;Using the same set of axes draw the planes with the following Miller indices:;(100);For cubic system;d-spacing formula;A tetragonal crystal has a=4.7 ?, c=3.4 ?. Calculate the separation of the: (1 0 0) (0 0 1) (1 1 1) planes;Dislocations; partial dislocation;晶体的对称性和分类;晶体中宏观对称元素符号;Element;Types of symmetry: Crystallographers make use of all the symmetry in a crystal to minimize the number of independent coordinates Lattice symmetry (translation) Point symmetry (rotation axes, mirror plane, rotation-inversion axes, inversion center) Other translational symmetry elements (screw axes and