第九章长度计量(新)技巧.ppt

第九章 长度计量;本章内容;学习要求;一、几何量的概念 几何量表征物体的大小、长短、形状、位置。 基本参量：长度和角度。 工程参量：圆度、锥度、粗糙度、渐开线、螺旋线等。 光波波长、量块、线纹、表面粗糙度、平面度、直线度、垂直度、角度、通用量具、工程测量、齿轮测量、坐标测量、几何量量仪和经纬仪类仪器等。 溯源：长度基准、角度基准。;二、几何量计量的几个原则 阿贝原则 最小变形原则 最短测量链原则 封闭原则;二、几何量计量的几个原则;;并联方式：;串联方式：;;COROLLARY1 ;;; 由于床身导轨直线度误差使尾架移动时绕S点偏转了一个角度φ ，在测量线上使被测线段减小了Δ l：;如取H＝F，则：;布莱恩建议;（二）、圆周封闭原则(The principle of closing circle);1、用直角尺进行比较测量;2 、自检法;;For continuously lock-closing measurement, the last accumulate error must equal to zero.;（三）The principle of uniform datum基准统一原则;Different datum: 1-surfaces of shaft neck; 2- common axis line of two shaft necks; 3- cone surfaces of tip center; 4- external cylinder of the gear.;（四）、 The principle of shortest measuring chain最短测量链原则;Example：gauge block number of combination block≤ 4 Example：Try to combine a size 22.285 ;（五） The principle of measured value transmission 量值传递原则;Minimize the relative deformation between the measured object and the measuring instrument. The true value of a measured object is its value in the standard measuring conditions. Standard measuring conditions: temperature: +200C, measuring force: 0 COROLLARY 1 When measuring the dimensions of an object, one must know its temperature. COROLLARY 2 To avoid the influence of measuring force, use non-contact measuring methods or relative contact measuring methods.;For a steel bar of 100mm length, if its temperature changes 10C, its length will be changed about 1um. Handling a snap to measure the diameter of 175mm, if the snap was handled in the had 15min, its dimension may have variation about 8um. Handling a internal caliper of the length 280 to 4000 mm in the hand 2 to 5 min, its length may increases 20 to 50 um. For a gauge block of 20mm, its length may increase 0.5um if is was handled in hand 30s. Therefore, for high-precision length measurement, the precision of temperature measurement must be controlled with 0.1 to 0.50C. (For standard length reference measurement, the precision of temperature measurement is requ