ICU英文版试题.ppt

What is ICU? History 1852年，Florence Nightingale在克里米亚战争期间，就把可望救活的重伤员安置在最靠近护士站的地方，以加强巡视和及时救治，并主张把术后的患者安置在近手术室的小房间内，度过恢复期后再送回病房。??? ?1863年护理学先驱南丁格尔撰文：“在小的乡村医院里，把病人安置在一间由手术室通出的小房间内，直至病人恢复或至少从手术的即时影响中解脱的情况已不鲜见”。这种专门为术后病人开辟的“小房间”即被认定为ICU的雏形。???? 1923年，Dandy在美国为脑外科病人开辟术后恢复室。1930年Kirschner在德国创建手术恢复室与ICU混合型病房。??? 第二次世界大战期间，在欧洲以及军队中逐步建立起创伤单位。1943年建立休克病房。1942年开辟烧伤病房(BurnsUnit)。1945年建立产后恢复室。??? 1952年丹麦哥本哈根发生脊髓灰质炎大流行，并发呼吸衰竭的患者大量死亡，人工气道持续的手法通气及后期Engstrom呼吸器的应用，使病死率由87%下降至40%以下，随后多家医院相继开设了ICU，并激发了危重病医学的崛起，这是医学发展史上的一个里程碑。 History of ICU In 1854,?Florence Nightingale?left for a?Crimean War, where?triage?used to separate seriously wounded soldiers from the less-seriously wounded, was observed. Until recently,it was reported that Nightingale reduced mortality from 40% to 2% on the battlefield. Florence Nightingale在克里米亚战争期间，就把可望救活的重伤员安置在最靠近护士站的地方，以加强巡视和及时救治，并主张把术后的患者安置在近手术室的小房间内，度过恢复期后再送回病房。 Although this was not the case, her experiences during the war formed the foundation for her later discovery of the importance of sanitary conditions in hospitals, a critical component of intensive care. In 1950,?anesthesiologist?Peter Safarestablished the concept of Advanced Support of Life, keeping?patients?sedated and ventilated in an intensive care environment. Safar is considered to be the first practitioner of intensive care medicine as a speciality. In response to a?polio?epidemic?(where many patients required constant ventilation and surveillance),? Bj?rn Aage Ibsen?established the first intensive care unit in?Copenhagen?in 1953.[3][4][5]?The first application of this idea in the United States was in 1955 by Dr. William Mosenthal, a surgeon at theDartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center.[6]?In the 1960s, the importance of?cardiac arrhythmias?as a source ofmorbidity?and?mortality?in?myocardial infarctions?(heart attacks) was recognized. This led to the routine use of cardiac monitoring in ICUs, especially after heart attacks.[7] Category of ICU Neonatal intensive c