week4 2-2电解质溶液 一均相离子平衡研讨.pptVIP

2.2电解质溶液p69~74 一、均相离子平衡 1、弱电解质的解离平衡 Acids (酸) and Bases (碱 ) {p84} Br?nsted-Lowry acid （B酸）: a substance that donates（贡献） an H+ ion to another substance Acid in H2O HX(aq) + H2O(l) ? X? (aq) + H3O+(aq) acid base conjugate conjugate base(共轭碱) acid (共轭酸 ) Aqueous Solutions water has a small tendency to ionize（电离）, acts as both an acid (donates a H+) and as a base (accepts a H+) – autoionization (自电离) Kθ w = [H3O+][OH?] = 1.0 ? 10?14 (25 °C) neutral water （中性水）： [H3O+] = [OH?] = 1.0 ? 10–7 M. pH = ?log [H+] pOH = ?log[OH?] 一元弱酸、弱碱(看书P69) Ionizes (离子化) partially in water to produce H3O+ and a conjugate base（共轭碱）. Acetic acid (CH3COOH) is a weak acid CH3COOH(aq) + H2O(l) ? CH3COO?(aq) + H3O+(aq) CH3COOH(aq) ? CH3COO?(aq) + H+(aq) Some weak acids in water at 25 ?C 计算以后比较， 万一算出的x ≥ 5% 酸的初始浓度， 怎么办？ 多元酸 more than one H + can be donated. Each proton（ H + ） on a polyprotic acid has a Ka value associated with it—except for the first proton（ H + ） on H2SO4. assume x0.1 x = 9.75 ? 10?5 M =[H+] = [HS?] Ka2 = 1 ? 10?19 assume y 9.75 ? 10?5 y =[S2?]= 1 ? 10?19 M [H+] = 9.75 ? 10?5 M [S2?] = 1 ? 10?19 M Is [H+] = 2[S2?] ? Weak Bases base + H2O? conjugate acid+ OH? NH3(aq) + H2O(l) ? NH4+(aq)+OH?(aq) Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs 共同离子效应 (书P80) Le Chatelier‘s principle (勒夏特列原理)- If system at equilibrium is stressed, the equilibrium will shift to minimize the effect of the stress. 醋酸在水中的电离: CH3COOH(aq) ? CH3COO?(aq)+H+(aq) add [H+] ? pH ? 2.共同离子效应与缓冲溶液p80~87 缓冲溶液 书P81 如果溶液中含有弱酸和它的共轭碱， HF和 NaF可以用于配制缓冲溶液. HC7H5O2(aq) ? H+(aq) + C7H5O2?(aq) 根据pH确定缓冲溶液的酸碱对 把强酸或强碱加入到缓冲溶液中如何计算？ 强酸与弱碱之间的反应基本是完全的。 强碱与弱酸之间的反应基本也是完全的。 加入强酸或强碱后如何计算pH : 1. 考虑酸碱中和反应，并确定它对 [HX] 和 [X?]的影响. 已知 0.300 M CH3COOH 和 0.300 M NaCH3COO组成的缓冲溶液 pH =4.74 得到，pKθ a = 4.74 课后 1、看书，做所有的例题 2、推导：P82页公式3-13，及3-14 3、预习 ：3.5多相离子平衡 第四章 氧化还原与电化