制浆造纸专业外语大全.doc

1.1 SIGNIFICANCE OF PAPER The significance of paper and paper products in modern life is obvious to everyone: no manufactured product plays a more meaningful role in every area of human activity. Paper provides the means of recording, storage and dissemination of information; virtually all writing and printing is done on paper. It is the most widely used wrapping and packaging material, and is important for structural applications. The uses and applications for paper and paper products are virtually limitless. New specialty products are continually being developed. At the same time, the industry is aware of inroads and competition from other sectors, notably plastics and electronic media for markets traditionally served by paper. As never before, new technology and methodology is being adopted so that the industry can remain competitive in existing markets and be receptive to new opportunities. Aside from the output of products and services, the Pulp and Paper Industry provides employment for vast numbers of people and plays a vital role in the overall economy of these days. 1.2 DEFINITIONS OF PULP, PAPER AND PAPERBOARD Paper has traditionally been defined as “a felted sheet formed on a fine screen from a water suspension of fibers”. Current paper products generally conform to this definition except that most products also contain non-fibrous additives. Dry forming methods are now utilized for the manufacture of a few specialty paper products. Pulp is the fibrous raw material for papermaking. Pulp fibers are usually of vegetable origin, but animal, mineral or synthetic fibers may be used for special applications. Pulps used for chemical conversion into non-paper products are called dissolving pulps. The distinction between paper and paperboard is based on product thickness. Nominally, all sheets above 0.3 mm thickness are classed as paperboard; but enough exceptions are applied to make the distinction somewhat hazy. 1.3 CHRONOLOGY OF TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMEN