l07identificationofsoilsandrocks.pptVIP

Identification of Soils and Rocks I.?Contents to be covered * Definitions of rocks and soils * Classification of rocks * Features of each rock * Types of soils (MIT) * Properties of soils II. Definitions /rocks/default.htm Rock: a natural aggregate of mineral grains connected by strong and permanent cohesive forces. Soil: a natural aggregate of mineral grains, with or without organic constituents, that can be separated by gentle mechanical means such as agitation in water. Nevertheless, there is no sharp distinction between rock and soil. * * Identification of Soils and Rocks II. * Classification of rocks According to their mode of origin, rock materials are commonly classified into three groups: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks. Types of rocks Igneous rock: primary rocks formed by the cooling of molten magmas, or by the recrystallization of older rocks under heat and pressure great enough to render them fluid Types of igneous rock * Granite (花岗岩）basalt (玄武岩） * Scoria (熔渣岩） * Pumice （浮/泡沫岩） * Obsidian （黑曜石/十胜石) Features * Classified on the basis of texture and color * Hard, coarsely crystalline to glassy textures * Principle mineral constituents: quartz(石英）, feldspar（长石）, hornblende（角闪石）, biotite（黑云母）, augite（斜辉石）, and olivine（橄榄石） * * Identification of Soils and Rocks II. Classification of rocks 2) Sedimentary rocks: the products of deposition of plant and animal remains, and of materials formed by the chemical decomposition and physical disintegration of igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic rocks Types of sedimentary rocks * sandstone （砂岩） * limestone （石灰岩） * shale （页岩） * conglomerate （砾岩/碎屑岩） * gypsum（石膏） Features * Main elements: quartz, calcite（方解石）, clay minerals * Eminent structural features: their bedding or stratification * * Identification of Soils and Rocks Metamorphic rocks: those produced by internal processes acting on pre-existing rocks of any kind, with the limitation t