第3章地层学-1.pptVIP

第3章 地层学Stratigraphy 3.1 概念、定律和地层的接触关系 3.1 Concepts, laws contact relationships of strata3.2 地层划分和对比 3.2 Stratigraphic subdivision and correlation 3.3 地层单位和地质年代 3.3 Stratigraphic units and geological times 3.4 地层的形成作用 3.4 Stratigraphic formation 3.1 概念、定律和地层的接触关系 Concepts, laws contact relationships of strata 3.1.1 地层与地层学 3.1.1 Strata and stratigraphy 3.1.2 地层学的基本定律 3.1.2 Basic stratigraphic laws 3.1.3 地层的接触关系 3.1.3 Contact relationships of strata 3.1.1 Strata stratigraphy Strata: All layered rocks, which include all sedimentary rocks, a part of igneous rocks and metamorphic rocks Rock cycles Stratigraphy Stratigraphy, from Latin stratum + Greek graphia, is the study of all rock bodies forming the Earths crust and their organization into distinctive, useful, mappable units based on their inherent properties or attributes in order to establish their distribution and relationship in space and their succession in time, and to interpret geologic history. 地层学:研究层状岩石形成的先后顺序、地质年代、时空分布规律(狭义)和形成环境条件及其物理、化学性质的地质学分支学科.她的核心目标就是建立地球科学的时间坐标。 International stratigraphic chart 3.1.2 地层学的基本定律3.1.2 Basic stratigraphic laws ●地层叠覆律(principle of superposition) ●原始水平律(Principle of original horizontality) ●原始侧向连续律(principle of original lateral continuity) 由丹麦学者N. Steno(1638-1686)于1669年一次提出(Steno’s stratigraphic axioms) 地层学三定律是构造地质学和地层学的基础 美国科罗拉多州大峡谷国家公园 Lateral termination of stratal layers 浊积岩，C1, 东天山 浊积岩，C1, 东天山 Way-upindicator 倒转地层的识别方法(沉积学) 倒转地层的识别方法(沉积学) 化石层序律（Principle of fossil succession） 不同时代的地层含有不同的化石，含相同化石的地层其时代相同。 William Smith (1769-1839)----地层学之父于1817年提出。 化石定年 化石层序律的理论基础和问题 1） Life has varied through time; 2）Fossils fossil assemblages are recognizably different from one another; 3）Homology? migration Organisms from the North Island, New Zealand; 北戴河 Are you sure: there are the same fossils in the strata of the same geological time? Why? 相同时代的地层就一定含有相同的化石吗？不一定 1. 相同的时代可有不同的沉积环境 2. 相同的时代也可有不同的埋藏和保存环境. 化石层序律的意义 3.1.3 地层的接触关系The contact relationships