供给和需求-市场如何运行2.ppt

图1. Catherine的需求表和需求曲线 需求量的变化 需求曲线的移动 消费者收入 正常商品 消费者收入 劣等品 图5. Ben供给表与供给曲线 供给量的变化 供给曲线的移动 表8. 供给与需求的均衡 图9. 非均衡状态的市场 图9. 非均衡状态的市场 需求增加如何影响均衡 供给减少如何影响均衡 没有限制作用的价格上限... 有限制作用的价格上限... The Price Ceiling on Gasoline Is Not Binding... 汽油的价格上限没有限制性… The Price Ceiling on Gasoline Is Binding... Rent Control in the Short Run... Rent Control in the Long Run... How the Minimum Wage Affects the Labor Market Impact of a 50￠ Tax Levied on Buyers... Impact of a 50￠ Tax Levied on Buyers... Impact of a 50￠ Tax on Sellers... A Payroll Tax （a）Elastic Supply, Inelastic Demand... (b)Inelastic Supply, Elastic Demand... 大，市场手段改变需求的负面效应较小，但这两个手段仍只能在短期中不得已而为之，而不能作为常规操作手段。 现在发达国家着眼于改变供给，其效果相对要好得多。 $4 3 冰激凌蛋卷的数量 0 冰激凌蛋卷 的价格 需求 供给 价格上限 均衡价格 100 均衡数量 $3 冰激凌蛋卷的数量 0 冰激凌蛋卷 的价格 2 需求 供给 均衡价格 价格上限 短缺 125 需求量 75 供給量 $4 P1 Quantity of Gasoline 汽油数量 0 Price of Gasoline 汽油价格 Q1 Demand 需求 Supply 供给 Price ceiling 价格上限 1. Initially, the price ceiling is not binding... 1.原来，价格上限没有限制性… P1 Quantity of Gasoline 0 Price of Gasoline Q1 Demand S1 Price ceiling S2 2. …but when supply falls... P2 3. …the price ceiling becomes binding... 4. …resulting in a shortage. Quantity of Apartments 0 Rental Price of Apartment Demand Supply Controlled rent Shortage Supply and demand for apartments are relatively inelastic Quantity of Apartments 0 Rental Price of Apartment Demand Supply Controlled rent Shortage Because the supply and demand for apartments are more elastic... …rent control causes a large shortage Minimum wage Quantity of Labor 0 Wage Labor demand Labor supply Quantity supplied Quantity demanded Labor surplus (unemployment) A Labor Market with a Minimum Wage 3.00 Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones 0 Price of Ice-Cream Cone 100 D1 Supply, S1 A tax on buyers shifts the demand curve downward by the size of the tax ($0.50). D2 3.00 Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones 0 Price of Ice-Cream Cone 100 90 $3.30 Price buyers pay D1 D2 Equilibrium with tax Supply, S1 Equilibrium without tax 2.80 Price sellers receive Price witho