2015年高中化学竞赛辅导 无机化学 20.2锕系元素知识点素材.docVIP

§20-2　锕系元素 The Actinides 我们只介绍铀铀的重要化合物暗棕色墨绿色橙黄色1．UO3 1 amphoteric oxide 2 decomposition　2UO32UO2 + O2 3 preparation　2UO2 NO3 22UO3 + 4NO2 + O2 　2．U3O8 preparation：U3O8 + 8CO + 4CO2 或者：U3O8 U3O8不溶于水，但溶于酸生成 二、硝酸铀酰[UO2 NO3 2] 1. Preparation UO3 + 2HNO3UO2 NO3 2 + H2O 2. Properties 水解生成 加碱生成·6H2O（黄色），加热脱水，生成无水，俗称铀黄。 ·2H2O（六角双锥） 三、UF6（八面体） 1. Preparation UO3 + 3SF4UF6 + 3SOF2 2. Hydrolysis UF6 + 2H2OUO2F2 + 4HF Superconductivity H. Kammerling Onnes Nobel Prize for Physics, 1913 discovered superconductivity in Leiden in 1911 when he cooled mercury to the temperature of liquid helium; Many other materials, mostly metals and alloys, were subsequently found to display superconductivity at very low temperatures. Two properties characterize a superconductor: 1. It is perfectly conducting, i.e. it has zero resistance. 2. It is perfectly diamagnetic, i.e. it completely excludes applied magnetic fields. This is the Meissner effect and is the reason why a superconductor can levitate a magnet. Superconductivity exists within the boundaries of three limiting parameters which must not be exceeded：the critical temperature Tc , the critical magnetic field Hc and the critical current density Jc . Until 1986 the highest recorded value of Tc was ~23K for Nb3Ge but in that year Bednorz and Muller, in pioneering work for which they received the 1987 Nobel Prize for Physics, reported Tc 30K in an entirely new Ba-La-Cu-O ceramic system quickly identified as La2-xBaxCuO4.This prompted an examination of other Cu-O systems and the technologically important breakthrough in 1987 by the Houston and Alabama teams of C.W. Chu and M. K. Wu, of superconductivity at temperatures attainable in liquid nitrogen, Tc 95K in a material subsequently shown to be YBa2Cu3O7, “YBCO. This , and other materials in which Y is replaced by a lanthanide, are referred to as 1,2,3 materials because of their stoichiometry. This produced a quite unprecedented explosion of activity amongst chemists, phy