Unit 3 Normal stress and shear__ stress.docVIP

Unit3 Normal Stress and Shear Stress 正应力和切应力 Normal stress正应力 Previously we found the internal loads in members of trusses. Unknowingly, the first step was taken in determining the stress in the member. The force found in the member was the load necessary to maintain equilibrium. The force was found by passing a cutting plane through the member and is, therefore, an internal force or internal load. This is the first step in any stress analysis problem--- to find that is the principal subject of this part of this part of book, but the first and necessary step is always to find the load causing the stress. 在这之前，我们已经知道组成构件的杆件存在内载。不知不觉地，人们把测定杆件的压力作为研究的第一步。而这个力是保持系统平衡的必要载荷。该力是利用穿过杆件的横截面求得的，因此叫做内力或内载荷。这就是压力分析问题的第一步——求取内载。第二步则是求由这个载荷产生的应力，这是这部分主要研究的问题，但是求产生这个应力的内载仍然是第一步，也是必不可少的一步。 Consider a 2-in. –square member that is found to carry say a 1170-lb tensile load as shown in Fig.1.8 (a). Now, given the load in the member, the question is raised. How is that load carried? For the moment it is assumed that it is assumed that it is uniformly carried, as shown in Fig.1.8 (b). If the load is equally shared by all the 2.0 .of cross-sectional area, then the stress in the member is the load divided by the area, or: , or 如图1.8（a）所示的横截面积为2平方英寸的杆件，假设它受到1170磅的拉伸载荷。现在假设载荷已经作用于杆件上，问题随即出现了。这个载荷是如何分布的？对于杆件来说它是均匀分布的，如图1.8（b）所示。如果载荷均匀的分布在这2平方英寸的横截面上，杆件的应力大小就等于载荷除以面积，即 , or There are several things to be observed regarding this exercise. The first is the symbol for stress, . This is the lowercase Greek letter sigma, the equivalent to the English s. Some texts use the English s, but is much more common, and so we will use it. Becoming used to it now will make later work more convenient. In structural design it is common to use f for stress. 从这个案例中我们注意到：第一是应力的符号，。它是希腊语中的小写字母，类似于英语中的s。有些教材中使用s，但是比较常用，因此我们使用。现在习惯于用将使后面的工作更方便。在结构设计中，通常使用f表示压力。 The second point is the equation we now label: 第二点是以下的方程： (1.5) This equation, fundamental to the subject at hand, shou