part 2 Plastic deformation and Strain hardening.ppt

Although the basic slip mechanisms are the same in polycrystals as single crystals, their stress-strain behavior differs substantially. 尽管单晶和多晶的滑移机制是一样的，但它们的应力应变特征有很大的差别。 In polycrystals, the displacements across grain boundaries must be matched, so as to permit the grains to deform in concert（一致，和谐）. In the absence of such cooperative displacements, voids or cracks would appear at the grain boundaries. 在多晶中，在晶界处的变形必须对应，使晶粒的变形能相互配合，如果这种配合缺乏，微孔和裂痕将出现在晶界上。 PLASTIC FLOW IN POLYCRYSTALS （多晶） In a physical sense, therefore, neighboring grains restrain(约束) the plastic flow of each other and, in so doing, provide a polycrystal with an intrinsically（本质地） greater resistance to plastic flow than that of a single crystal. Tensile deformation of a bicrystal双晶的拉伸变形 The crystals A and B are of the same material, but oriented differently with respect to the tensile axis. 相对拉力方向而言有不同角度。 Dilational and shear strains must be matched along the interface (the xz plane) between the crystals. This constraint increases the flow stress of a bicrystal in comparison to that of a single crystal. 体积膨胀和剪切应变在两个晶体中间的界面上必须相反配合。和单晶相比，这个限制增加了双晶的流动应力。 The following conditions must be satisfied at the grain boundary in order to provide material continuity 物质连续性方程应在晶界处得到满足： Since one grain has a higher value of cos? cos ? than the other, the constraints described by former equations restrict the deformation of this more favorably oriented grain and result in a higher yield stress (and a greater work-hardening response) of the bicrystal. 由于其中一个晶粒比另一个晶粒具有更大的 cos? cos ? 值，前面所描述的等式限制了这个更易于变形的晶粒使双晶具有更大的屈服极限应力。 In a polycrystalline aggregate（集合体）, the grain boundary constraints are more restrictive than those for a bicrystal and, thus, the level of the stress-strain curve for a polycrystal is correspondingly higher. 在多晶聚集体中，晶界处的限制相对于双晶来说会更严格。因此，多晶的应力应变曲线相对来说会更高。 Room-temperature tensile force-strain curves of single crystals, bicrystals,and polycrystals of niobium室温下铌单晶、双晶、多