Sociolinguistics.pptVIP

Chapter 8 Sociolinguistics 社會語言學 Sociolinguistics社會語言學 The study of language in social社會的contexts情境 1. Language variation差異 Language use varies不同 from one speech community社群 to another, from one regional地區的 group to another, from one social社會的 group to another, and even from one individual個人 to another. 1.1 Speech community語言社群 A group of people who form a community and share the same language or a particular variety of language. 1.2 Speech variety語言差異 Speech variety refers to意指 any distinguishable可區別的,可辨別的form of speech used by a speaker or group of speakers. standard language, vernacular language方言 , dialect, pidgin 1.3 Regional variation地區的差異 Variation差異according to根據 the particular特定的 geographical地理的 area where a speaker comes from. The most distinguishable可區別的,可辨別的 linguistic feature特徵,特色 of a regional dialect方言 is its accent口音,腔調 . geography地理 1.4 Social variation社會的差異 People’s sociolects社會用語特徵 are defined定義 by linguistic differences that reflect反映 their socioeconomic社會經濟的, educational教育的, occupational職業的 and ethnic種族的 background, as well as their sex and age groups. 1.5 Stylistic variation文體的差異 There are intraspeaker說話者內部的 differences associated with與…相關 the speech situation情況 : who is speaking to whom about what under what circumstances情形 for what purpose目的. 1.6 Idiolectal variation個人習語的差異 No two speakers (of the same language or dialect) use their language or dialect (in exactly完全的 the same way). 2. Standard標準的 and nonstandard非標準的 language A regional dialect may gain status地位 and become standardized標準化的 as the national or official官方的 language of a country, and spoken by most, if not all, of its citizens公民. 2.1 The nature of standard標準語 and nonstandard language非標準語 The standard language標準語 is a superposed被放在上面, socially prestigious有名望的 dialect of language. It is the language employed使用 by the government政府 and the judiciary司法的 system, used by the mass media大眾傳播媒體 , and taught in educational institution機構 . 2.2 Lingua franca(族際)