[上册]Unit Three.ppt

Part Summary [1~2] Experiments performed by Professor Maier show that neurosis induced in experimental rats is caused by their fixated reaction to their problems. Part Summary [3~8] Governed by a fixated reaction to their problems, human beings, when disturbed, go through pretty much the same stages as the rats. This behavior pattern recursthroughout human life from the small tragedies of the home to the world-shaking tragedies among nations. (four examples given) Part Summary [9~10] The difference between a rats problems and those of mans as well as their similarity in their reaction to their problems reveal that man is functioning at less than full human capacity since a rats power of abstraction is limited while that of man is known as not. Text Summary Experiments and studies performed by Professor Maier have revealed a striking similarity between rats and man in their fixated reaction to the problems they meet. However, the difference in the nature of their problems and the difference in their power of abstraction make us wonder how these fixations occur in human beings. 全文翻译 鼠与人 ——“不能解决”的问题 S. I. 早川 全文翻译 [ 1 ] 密执安大学的N·R·F·麦耶教授几年前做过一系列可以以诱导鼠产生“神经官能症”的实验。首先训练鼠由平台边缘跳向两个门中的一个。如果鼠向右跳，右门是碰不开的，那么鼠就撞了鼻子并掉进了网里；如果鼠向左跳，左门就会打开，鼠就会找到一碟食物。等鼠已很熟悉这一反应时，就改变情况：把食物放在另外一扇门后，这样鼠要想得到犒赏就不能向左跳，而要向右跳了。(实验者也可采用其他变化形式，比如用不同的方式标记两个门。) 如果鼠弄不懂新规则，它每次跳时都不知是会得到食物还是会撞鼻了。最终它就会放弃，拒绝再跳。到这步，麦耶博士说，“许多鼠宁愿挨饿也不再作选择。” 全文翻译 [ 2 ] 第二步，对鼠施以强大气流或电击，赶它，强迫它做出选择。“处于不能解决的难题之中而被迫做出反应的动物”，麦耶博士说，“最后总是定局到一个特定的反应上(比如只向左跳)，不顾结果如何它都总是做出这一反应。……这种条件下所做出的反应便固定不变了’。……一旦出现了这种固态，动物也就无法学会应变能力了’。”一旦 (鼠) 向左跳的反应固定下来时，可以敞开右门，使食物呈现在它眼前。可是鼠被驱赶时却仍旧向左跳，并且每次都愈来愈惶恐不安。实验者继续迫使鼠做出选择时，鼠开始惊厥不安，四下狂奔，弄伤爪了，撞上桌椅，然后浑身剧烈颤抖，直到昏迷不醒。在这种被动状态下，鼠拒绝进食，对一切不感兴趣：你可以把它卷成一团或擒住双腿倒挂空中——无论怎样摆布它，它都无动于衷。这时的鼠已是“神经崩溃”了。 全文翻译 [ 3 ] 鼠所面临问题的“不可解决性”导致了它的神经崩溃，而麦耶博士对心理失常的小孩和成人所做的研究报告表明，鼠和人经历的各个阶段大同小异。首先是两者都受训练，在面对某一问题时都习惯地做出某一选择；然后，发现条件已改变而原来的选择并不能产生预期的效果时，两者都大吃一惊：在此，不论出于震惊、焦虑还是受挫，两者都会执著于最初的选择，不管结果，一意孤行；接着，悻悻然拒绝采取行动；而后，在被迫做出选择时，两者又总是做出最初训练时所做的选择——且再次碰壁；最后，即使目标就