ch9：PLANNING AND ESTIMATING.pptVIP

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 基于类比的专家决策方法要点是多个专家进行多次估计，不用经过集体会议，每个专家独立给出一个估算结果，并给出该结果的理由。然后把这些结果和理由分发给所有的专家，让他们在此基础上进行第二次估算。该过程一直持续到专家们在一个可接受的误差内达成一致。 影响决策的因素是专家的经验。 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Training Requirements (contd) Introduction of hardware or software tools of any sort necessitates training Programmers may need training in the operating system and/or implementation language Documentation preparation training may be needed Computer operators require training 9.9 Documentation Standards How much documentation is generated by a product? IBM internal commercial product (50 KDSI) 28 pages of documentation per KDSI Commercial software product of the same size 66 pages per KDSI IMS/360 Version 2.3 (about 166 KDSI) 157 pages of documentation per KDSI [TRW] For every 100 hours spent on coding activities, 150–200 hours were spent on documentation-related activities Types of Documentation Planning Control Financial Technical Source code Comments within source code Documentation Standards Reduce misunderstandings between team members Aid SQA Only new employees have to learn the standards Standards assist maintenance programmers Standardization is important for user manuals Documentation Standards (contd) As part of the planning process Standards must be set up for all documentation In a very real sense, the product is the documentation 9.10 CASE Tools for Planning and Estimating It is essential to have A word processor; and A spreadsheet Tool that automate intermediate COCOMO and COCOMO II are available Management tools assist with planning and monitoring MacProject Microsoft Project 9.11 Testing the Software Project Management Plan We must check the SPMP as a whole Paying particular attention to the duration and cost estimates * * * * * * * * * * [1]如果开发团队过低估计了实际成本，开发公司就会赔钱。另一方面，如果开发团队过高估计了实际成本，客户会认为没有 必要开发这个软件产品，或者会把工作交给估价更合理的其他开发公司。 内部成本：即开发成本，包括开发团队、项目管理人员和项目相关的支持人员的薪水；开发产品的硬件成本；以及一般的管理费用，如租金、水电费和高管的薪水等。 外部成本：