9微生物生态.ppt

Terminology 术语 Microflora微生物区系 Normal flora 正常菌群 Microorganisms that normally reside on or in the body —— total = 1X1014 Do not produce disease under normal conditions Microbial antagonism拮抗作用: ——Normal flora inhibits the overgrowth by pathogens 病原体 微环境“Microenvironments” or “Microhabitats” Small spaces or locations within the Earths ecosystem -different environmental factors Essentially the entire world is composed of microenvironments. Halobacterium spp. 嗜盐菌 由于美航天局疏忽地球细菌可能被带上了火星 Thermophiles嗜温微生物: live in extremes of heat Growth temperature optimum of 50℃or higher. Hyperthermophiles: the optimum between 80 ~110 ℃. Psychrophiles嗜冷微生物: live in extremes of cold optimum of 15 ℃or lower, (some can survive at –10 ℃) Unable to grow above 20 ℃. Halophiles嗜盐微生物: The Great Salt Lake requiring at least 0.2 M (3–30%) salt for growth Types of Extremophiles(II) Acidophiles嗜酸微生物: live in extremes of acid ??with a pH optimum for growth at, or below, pH 2 Alkalinophile嗜碱微生物: live in extremes of alkali optimal growth at pH values above 10. Piezophile (previously termed barophile嗜压微生物): lives optimally at high hydrostatic pressure. Radiation-resistant microbes 抗辐射微生物: only tolerant or resistant radiation treatment 六 生物体内外的正常菌群 人体 动物：无菌动物，悉生生物 植物：根际微生物及附生微生物 人体的正常菌群Normal flora in human body Our bodies are rich in microbial biodiversity and home to vast numbers of bacterial cells:10*14 Normal bacterial flora:lives on the external 外部的body surfaces in the gut 肠道. Main sites for bacteria that constitute the normal flora The skin皮肤 The respiratory tract呼吸道, particularly the nose. Urinary tract泌尿道 The digestive tract消化道 E. coli: 正常菌群的生理功能Functions of Normal Flora 1.Help us by competing with pathogens such as Salmonella 抵抗病原体 2.Help us by providing vitamins or eliminating toxins (e.g. Bacteriodes) 提供维生素和排除毒素 3.Harm us by promoting disease (e.g. dental caries龋齿)引起疾病 4.Cause neither help nor harm (e.g. commensals共生). 微生物与其它生物间最常见的几种相互关系： 1.Symbiosis共生, mutualism互利共生, syntrophism互