信息检索与阅读：Purity of Substances.ppt

Under favourable conditions, freezing curve studies are sensitive to impurity levels of as little as 0.001 moles percent. Analogous fusion curve or heat capacity measurements can be up to ten times as sensitive this. fusion 熔化 heat capacity 热容 在有利条件下，凝固曲线研究对于存在0.001 mol%的杂质都是灵敏的。 类似的熔化曲线或热容测定的灵敏度可以比这高十倍。 With these exceptions, most of the above methods are rather insensitive, especially if the impurities and the substances in which they occur are chemically similar. In some cases, even an impurity comprising many parts per million of a sample may escape detection. 除了这些特例，上述的大部分方法是相当不灵敏的，特别是在杂质和物质的化学性质类似的情况下。 在某些情况下，即使样品中的杂质含量达到百万分之几（多个ppm），仍可能检测不到。 第四部分 The common methods of purification, discussed below, comprise distillation (including fractional distillation, 分馏 distillation under reduced pressure, sublimation and 减压蒸馏 升华 steam distillation), crystallisation, extraction, 水蒸气蒸馏 结晶 萃取 chromatographic and other methods. 色谱分析 以下讨论的是常见的提纯方法，包括蒸馏（包括分馏、减压蒸馏、升华和水蒸汽蒸馏）、结晶、萃取、色谱分析及其它方法。 In some cases, volatile and other impurities can be removed simply by heating. Impurities can also sometimes be eliminated by the formation of derivatives from which the purified material is regenerated. 衍生物 挥发性的 在一些情况下，挥发性杂质和其他杂质可以简单地通过加热除去。 有时也可以把杂质转换成衍生物除去，从而得到纯化的物质。 * 文献阅读 第七课 Purity of Substances * 文献阅读 第七课 Purity of Substances * 文献阅读 第七课 Purity of Substances 文献阅读 第七课 Purity of Substances * 文献阅读 第七课 Purity of Substances * 文献阅读 第七课 Purity of Substances * 文献阅读 第七课 Purity of Substances * 文献阅读 第七课 Purity of Substances * 文献阅读 第七课 Purity of Substa