Chapter 22 the second law of thermodynamicsf.pptVIP

Two moles diatomic ideal gas takes the following cycle. In this cycle process 2-3 is adiabatic, and 3-1 is isothermal.T1,V1 is known and T2＝3T1，V3＝8V1.Find：(a) heat in the three processes, (b) the efficiency of this cycle （ln2=0.6931） 2. The principle of increase of entropy 熵增加原理 The entropy of an isolated system never decreases. It either stays constant (reversible processes) or increases (irreversible processes) P444 *3. Statistical interpretation of entropy and the second law 热力学第二定律的统计解释 18-9 The microstate of a system would be specified when the position and velocity of every particle is given. The macrostate of a system is specified by giving the macroscopic properties. P P2 O 1 2 3 P1 V1 V V2 V3 P P2 O 1 2 3 P1 V1 V V2 V3 P P2 O 1 2 3 P1 V1 V V2 V3 Example 18-4: The Otto Cycle Paths ab and cd are adiabatic, and paths bd and da are at constant volume. Find： e=？ Solution: P V QH QL c d b a Vb Va o ab and cd are adiabatic processes So P V QH QL c d b a Vb Va o 22.3 Entropy （熵）18-5, 6, 7 1. Entropy In our study of the Carnot cycle Remove the absolute value signs Any reversible cycle can be approximated as a series of Carnot cycles. For each of cycles The sum of all the cycles 结论 : 对任一可逆循环过程，热温比之和为零 . Entropy S : a state variable unit：J/K A B 1 2 The magnitude of the entropy depends only on the state of the system, and not on the process undertaken.P441 Infinite reversible process The change in entropy only depends on the initial and final equilibrium states and not on the path joining them. reversible process irreversible process 孤立系统中的熵永不减少. irreversible processes reversible processes ≥ The total entropy of any system plus that of its environment increases as a result of any natural process. P444 A B A great many different microstates can correspond to the same macrostate. A basic principle behind the statistical approach is that each microstste is equally probable. * thermodynamic cycle 热力学循环 heat engine