Lesson Four Judicial System.ppt

Lesson Four Judicial System Background 联邦法院系统：the Supreme Court; Courts of Appeals; District Courts; Special Courts (the Court of Claims; the Customs Court; the Court of Customs and Patent Appeals) 州法院系统：Trial Court or Circuit Court; Appellate Court or Court of Appeals); Supreme Court. Part One There are fifty-two separate court system in the United States. 在美国，有五十二个独立的法院系统。 Each state, as well as the District of Columbia, has its own fully developed, independent system of courts and there is a separate federal court system. 各州及哥伦比亚特区，各自有其充分发展的、独立的法院系统，同时，还有一个独立的联邦法院系统。 Part One The federal courts are not superior to the state courts; they are an independent, coordinate system authorized by the United States Constitution, Art.Ⅲ, §2, to handle matters of particular federal interest. Coordinate：平等的，同等的，并列的。 联邦法院并不高于州法院，他们是独立、平等、并由美国宪法第三条第二款授权审理涉及特别的联邦利益之案件的系统。 Part One The presence of two parallel court systems often raises questions concerning the relationship of the state and federal systems, presenting important issues of federalism. Presence: n 出席，到场，存在。 Present：v 呈现，显示，显出。 Federalism n.联邦政治, 联邦制度 两个法院系统的并存，常常引发关于州和联邦体系之间的关系问题，也显示出（人们对）联邦制的重大争议。 Part One The United States Supreme Court, composed of nine justices, sits as the final and controlling voice over all these systems. Sit　（法官）任职，开庭，审理案件，讨论，位于，就座，开会，占议席，当代表，成为成员，出席，参加考试，静坐示威，参加静坐。 由九位大法官组成的美国最高法院，其审理案件（的判决书）被视为效力高于所有系统的最终的、有约束力的判决。 Part One Although a few states, such as Nebraska, have a two-tiered system, most states, as well as the federal courts, are based on a three-tiered model. Tier: 1.n 等级，阶层，类别，层次。2. v 层叠，使层叠 尽管诸如内不拉斯加州等少数州采取的是二级审判体制，大多数州以及联邦法院都是建立在三级审判体制模式之上的。 Part One That means that for any litigant there will be the opportunity to plead his case before a trial court and then, should he lose, there are two levels of appeal at which he ultimately may succeed. Plead　请求，恳求，辩护。 Litigant 1.n诉讼当事人，诉讼参与人　 2.adj　诉讼（中）的，有关诉讼的，好争论的 Litigate: v 起诉，参与诉讼，抗辩 litigation: n 那就意味着任何诉讼当事人将有机会在初审法院为其案件进