L2-Intro-Concepts.pptxVIP

Introduction: Main OS Concepts Instructor: Hengming Zou, Ph.D. In Pursuit of Absolute Simplicity 求于至简，归于永恒 Content Computer hardware review Main operating system concepts Kernel and User Mode Programs Processes Memory Files System calls Shell Computer Hardware Review Components of a simple personal computer 视频 控制器 键盘 控制器 软盘 控制器 硬盘 控制器 键盘 软盘 硬盘 Computer Hardware Review A five-stage pipeline Operand fetch Write Fetch Decode Execution Computer Hardware Review A superscalar CPU Decode unit Fetch unit Decode unit Fetch unit Execute unit Execute unit Execute unit Holding buffer Computer Hardware Review Typical memory hierarchy Registers Cache Main Memory Magnetic Disk Magnetic Tape Typical Access Time 1 nsec 2 nsec 10 nsec 10 msec 100 sec Typical Capacity 1 KB 32 MB 128 MB – 1 G 40 GB – 200 GB 40 GB – 500 GB Computer Hardware Review Structure of a disk drive 1 Base-Limit 2 Base-Limit Pairs Address 0xFFFFFFFF Limit? Base? 0 Registers when program 1 is running Limit 2? Base 1? Base-2 Limit-1 Registers when program 2 is running ?Limit-2 ?Base-2 ?Limit-1 ?Base-1 Computer Hardware Review Steps in starting an I/O device and getting interrupt Disk drive Disk controller Interrupt controller CPU 1 2 4 3 How the CPU is interrupted Structure of a large Pentium system Main OS Concepts Main OS Concepts Kernel and User Mode Programs Processes Memory Files System calls Shell Kernel and User Mode Programs Kernel Mode Privilegeded mode Strict assumptions about reliability/security of code Memory resident User Mode: More flexible Simpler maintenance and debugging Kernel and User Mode Programs Functionality Implemented in Kernel CPU-, memory-, Input/Output managment Multiprocessor management, diagnosis, test Parts of file system and of the networking interface Functionality Implemented in User Compiler, assembler, interpreter, linker/loader File system management Telecommunication Network management Editors, spreadsheets, user applications Processes