Ch3 Fluid Statics(part A).ppt

Outline 3.1 Pressure at a Point 3.2 Variation of Pressure with Depth 3.3 Pressure Expressed in Height of Fluid 3.4 Absolute and Gage Pressures 3.5 Measurement of Pressure Objectives 1. Understand fluid pressure and how it relates to depth. 2. Understand absolute, atmospheric, and gage pressures and how pressure is measured. Hoover Dam 3.1 Pressure at a point Pressure is defined as a normal force exerted by a fluid per unit area. Units of pressure are N/m2, which is called a pascal (Pa). Since the unit Pa is too small for pressures encountered in practice, kilopascal (1 kPa = 103 Pa) and megapascal (1 MPa = 106 Pa) are commonly used. Other units include bar, atm Pressure at a Point: Pascal’s Law TWO important principles about pressure Pressure at any point is the same in all directions. In a fluid confined by solid boundaries, pressure acts perpendicular to the boundary. 3.2 Variation of Pressure with Depth In the presence of a gravitational field, pressure increases with depth because more fluid rests on deeper layers. To obtain a relation for the variation of pressure with depth, consider rectangular element Force balance in z-direction gives   Dividing by Dx and rearranging gives Variation of Pressure with Depth Variation of Pressure with Depth Pressure in a fluid at rest is independent of the shape of the container. Pressure is the same at all points on a horizontal plane in a given fluid. If a fluid is incompressible... 3.3 Pressure Expressed in Height of Fluid Consider the horizontal cylindrical element of fluid with cross sectional area, A, in a fluid of density ?, pressure PL at the left end and PR at the right end. Fluid is at equilibrium, so the sum of forces acting on the x-direction is zero. (?) ΣF =0. pLA – pRA = 0 ? pL = pR This proof that pressure in the horizontal direction is constant. 3.4 Absolute, gage, and vacuum pressures Actual pressure at a give point is called the absolute pr