E14光的干涉.pptVIP

Wave optics 波动光学 * * Introduction 引言 光学(optics)是一门发展较早的学科，早期只限于研究与眼睛和视觉相联系的自然现象。 1 The nature of light The nature of light had been debated for centuries. (1) 牛顿微粒学说 Newton called the light particles “corpuscles” and used them to explain phenomena such as sharp shadows, straight- line propagation of light, and the ability of light to travel across the vacuum of space. The particle theory remained essentially unchallenged until the seventeenth century. (2) 惠更斯波动说 In 1678 Christian Huygens, a Dutch scientist, formally proposed what many of his predecessors had suspected -that light is a wavelike disturbance. Just as water wave travel from one point to another without water actually being moved from one point to the other, Huygens considered light to be waving in a medium he called the luminiferous aether. Huygens’s ideas were not mere speculation.They commanded attention because he could describe many properties of light with the wave theory. The key to Huygens’s theory of light was a geometric method of determining the shape of a wavefront at any time from knowledge of the wavefront at some earlier time. The two theories made different predictions concerning the speed of light. The debate raged throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries because no one knew how to measure the speed of light. To make matters worse, other phenomena concerning light could be explained by either of the two theories. Maxwell discovered that light is a wavelike disturbance in the electromagnetic field that travels at constant speed c in vacuum. 19世纪后半叶, 人们认识到光是一定波段的电磁波, 形成了以电磁波理论为基础的波动光学(wave optics)。 19世纪末到20世纪初，光学的研究深入到了光的产生以及光与物质的相互作用的微观机制问题。 在光的电磁理论取得了巨大成功的同时，也遇到了严重的困难。 近代科学实验证明：光是一个十分复杂的客体。对于光的本性问题, 只能用它所表现出来的性质和规律来回答：光在某些方面的行为象经典的“波动”, 另一些方面的行为却象经典的“粒子”, 这就是光的波粒二象性。但是, 任何经典的概念都不能完全概括光 的本性。通常人们把建立在光的量子性基础上, 深入到微观领域研究光与物质相互作用规律的分支学科, 称为量子光学; 并把波动光学和量子光学统称为物理光学。 1960年，梅曼研制成功了第一台红宝石激光器。此后, 激光科学和技术得到异常迅速的发展，形成了