晶体光学2.ppt

Uniaxial indicatrix(biaxial ellipsoid) Biaxial indicatrix(triaxial ellipsoid) Quick review: Indicatrix gives us a way to relate optical phenomena to crystallographic orientation, and to explain differences between grains of the same mineral in thin section hi d lo d Isotropic? Uniaxial? Biaxial? Sign? 2V? All of these help us to uniquely identify unknown minerals. Back to birefringence/interference colors Observation: frequency of light remains unchanged during splitting, regardless of material F= V/l if light speed changes, l must also change l is related to color; if l changes, color also changes mineral grain plane polarized light fast ray (low n) slow ray (high n) lower polarizer D=retardation d Light waves may be in phase or out of phase when they exit xtl When out of phase, some component of light gets through upper polarizer and displays an interference color When one of the vibration directions is parallel to the lower polarizer, no light gets through the upper polarizer and the grain is “at extinction” (=black) Interference phenomena See Nesse p. 41, 46-48… mineral grain plane polarized light fast ray (low n) slow ray (high n) lower polarizer D=retardation d At time t, when slow ray 1st exits xtl: Slow ray has traveled distance d Fast ray has traveled distance d+D time = distance/rate Slow ray: t = d/Vslow Fast ray: t= d/Vfast + D/Vair Therefore: d/Vslow = d/Vfast + D/Vair D = d(Vair/Vslow - Vair/Vfast) D = d(nslow - nfast) D = d d D = thickness of t.s. x birefringence Mineral properties: interference colors/birefringence Colors one observes when polars are crossed (XPL) Color can be quantified numerically: d = nhigh - nlow More on this next week… Now do question 4 Use of interference figures, continued… You will see a very small, circular field of view with one or more black isogyres -- rotate stage and watch isogyre(s) uniaxial If uniaxial, isogyres define cross; arms remain N-S/E-W as stage is