2._翻译定义与标准.docVIP

英汉对比翻译 连淑能《英汉对比研究》 高等教育出版社 刘宓庆《新编汉英对比与翻译》 中国对外翻译出版公司 周志培《汉英对比与翻译中的转换》 华东理工大学出版社 邵志洪《汉英对比翻译导论》 华东理工大学出版社 陈定安《英汉比较与翻译（增订版）》中国对外翻译出版公司 潘文国《汉英对比纲要》北京语言大学出版社 综合与分析 汉语属于分析型 analytic 为主的语言。 英语是从综合型 synthetic 向分析型发展的语言。 语法意义 语法意义包括： 性 gender 数 number 格 case 时态 tense 语态 voice 语气 mood 比较级 degree of comparison 人称 person 词性 parts of speech 表达语法意义的手段通常有三种： 形态变化 虚词 语序 New factories are being built all over the country. 全国到处都在兴建新工厂。 （时态，语态，数） The book is said to have been translated into many languages. 据说此书已译成多种语言。 （语态） They told me that by the end of the year they would have been working together for thirty years. 他们告诉我，到年底，他们在一起工作就有三十年了。 （时态） During the wartime, years like these would have meant certain death for many people. Many would have become beggars and others would have been compelled to sell their children. 战争期间要是碰到这样的年景，很多人肯定会没命，很多人会逃荒要饭，很多人会被迫卖儿卖女。 （语气） Thus encouraged, they made a still bolder plan for the next year. （由于）受到了这样的鼓励，他们为第二年制定了一个更大胆的计划。 （比较） He moves with astonishing rapidity. 他行进速度之快，令人惊讶。 （性，人称，词性） 综合型语言：指这种语言主要通过词本身的形态变化来表达语法意义。 A synthetic language is characterized by frequent and systematic use of inflected forms to express grammatical meanings. inflected forms ：屈折变化 分析型语言，是指这种语言中的语法意义主要不是通过词本身的形态变化来表达，而是通过虚词，语序等词汇手段来表达。 An analytic language is characterized by a relatively frequent use of function words, auxiliary verbs, and changes in word order to express syntactic relations, rather than of inflected forms 我给他一本书。 I gave him a book. 他已给我两本书。 He has given me two books. 他爸爸常给他一些书。 His father often gives him books. 对翻译的启示： 在英译汉时，注意必要时，从形态变化转向词汇手段； 在汉译英时，必须从词汇手段转为形态变化。 Newsmen went flying off Germany. 记者纷纷飞离德国. The mountains began to throw their long blue shadows over the valley. 群山开始在山谷里投入青色的长影. When he has taken his exercise and is drinking his tea or his beer, and lighting his pipe…… 设想在他运动之余品茶或喝酒，并点着烟斗时…… I would have asked why Mrs. Dean had deserted the Grange; but it was impossible to delay her at such a crisis, so I turned away