Lift_and_Drag.pptVIP

* * * * * * Lift The component of the total aerodynamic force of an airfoil that is perpendicular to the resultant relative wind 90° Resultant Relative Wind Lift TAF L = C L X S X V 2 X ? ? Factors affecting lift CL (coefficient of lift) Surface area of the airfoil measured in square feet. Air density measured in slugs of air per cubic foot. V (relative wind velocity in feet per second) CL (coefficient of lift) A dimensionless number, determined through wind tunnel tests. Denotes the lift producing capability of an airfoil Values range from 0 to 2 or more Factors that determine the value of CL include Shape and design of an airfoil Angle of Attack S (surface area) Measured in square feet Physically constant, but effective size can be changed by other variables Measured in slugs of air per cubic foot. A cubic foot of standard day air has a mass of .002377 slugs. Factors affecting air density Pressure ? density increases as pressure increases. Density decreases with altitude because pressure decreases Temperature ? density decreases as temperature increases Humidity ? density decreases as water vapor content increases Air Density = rho ? ? V (relative wind velocity, feet per second) Lift increases with the square of wind velocity Lift/Drag ratio (L/D) Any airfoil operates at its maximum efficiency at one angle of attack, that angle of attack must be determined. Airfoil designers can determine the best angle of attack by dividing the CL by the CD for a number of angles of attack. The CL/CD ratio resulting in the largest quotient is referred to as L/D . L/D ratios also indicate optimum glide ratio of an airfoil. max L/D Angle of Attack C/L C/D .0 1.0 2.0 0° 2° 4° 6° 8° 10° 12° .020 .040 .060 .080 .100 .120 .140 .180 .160 14° 16° 18° 20° 22° 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 .200 C/L Max L/D C/L C/D Stall Lift to Drag Ratio L/D Max Highest Lift to Drag Ratio Lift Resultant Lift of the Rotor System To maneuver the helicopter, the tip path plane must be tilted in