7章 糖类-教学用.pptVIP

糖类和 糖生物学 糖类和 糖生物学 糖类和 糖生物学 糖类和 糖生物学 (一) 贮存同多糖 25~30单位有一分支点 淀粉 Electron micrographs of starch Large starch granules in a single chloroplast. Starch is made in the chloroplast from D-glucose formed photosynthetically. 直径: 1.4nm， 6残基/per turn, 螺距: 0.8nm。 左手螺旋 淀粉→红色糊精→无色糊精→麦芽糖→葡萄糖 紫蓝色 红色 不显色 不显色 遇碘显色 Electron micrographs of and glycogen granules in a hepatocyte. These granules form in the cytosol and are much smaller (~0.1 μm) than starch granules (~1.0 μm). 糖原 8-12个Glc残基组成，分支多，分子量高达106-108. 与KI-I2呈红褐色或棕红色. 水解终产物是葡萄糖. 3. 右旋糖酐 (Dextran) Bacteria growing on the surfaces of teeth produce extracellular accumulations of dextrans, an important component of dental plaque (牙菌斑). Bacterial dextrans are frequently used in research laboratories as the support medium for column chromatography of macromolecules. 高分子右旋糖酐是一种血浆代用品，用于提高血浆胶体渗透压，能将组织的水分渗透到血中，维持血容量，临床用于出血性休克和创伤性休克。 相对分子质量在20000-40000的为低分子量右旋糖酐，主要用于降低血液粘滞度，防止血栓形成，并有助改善微循环，兼有利尿作用。 Another important family of storage polysaccharides are the dextrans, which are α(1→6)-linked polysaccharides of D-glucose with branched chains found in yeast and bacteria. Because the main polymer chain is α(1→6) linked, the repeating unit is isomaltose, Glc(1→6)-Glc. The branch points may be 1→2, 1→3, or 1→4 in various species. The degree of branching and the average chain length between branches depend on the species and strain of the organism. 以纤维二糖（cellobiose）为基本单位缩合而成，纤维状、僵硬、不溶于水的分子，分子不分支，约由10000 -15000个?-D-Glc残基组成。水解需高温、高压和酸，人体消化酶不能水解纤维素，食草动物利用肠道寄生菌分泌的纤维素酶（cellulase）将部分纤维素水解为葡萄糖。 纤维素（Cellulose） (二) 结构同多糖 Cellulose breakdown by wood fungi. A wood fungus growing on an oak log. All wood fungi have the enzyme cellulase, which breaks the (β1→4) glycosidic bonds in cellulose, such that wood is a source of metabolizable sugar (glucose) for the fungus. The only vertebrates able to use cellulose as food are cattle and other ruminants (sheep, goats, camels, giraffes). The extra stomach compartment (rumen) of a ruminant teems with bacteria and prot