Chapter_05_PPT.ppt

Chapter 5 Decision Making, Learning, Creativity and Entrepreneurship Learning Objectives Differentiate between programmed and nonprogrammed decisions, and explain why nonprogrammed decision making is a complex, uncertain process Describe the six steps that managers should take to make the best decisions Identify the advantages and disadvantages of group decision making, and describe techniques that can improve it Learning Objectives Explain the role that organizational learning and creativity play in helping managers to improve their decisions. Describe how managers can encourage and promote entrepreneurship to create a learning organization, and differentiate between entrepreneurs and intrapreneurs. The Nature of Managerial Decision Making Decision Making The process by which managers respond to opportunities and threats by analyzing options, and making determinations about specific organizational goals and courses of action 如果要比较通俗地理解，可把决策视为“在特定的环境条件下，提出目标并寻找实现该目标的最佳或合理的方案（途径）”。 一项好的决策会选择出恰当的目标和行动方案，促进组织绩效的提高 不好的决策则会导致差的组织绩效 决策是一个过程 决策示例 决策是管理者所有工作的基本组成部分 例如，在开设一家饭店的过程中，管理者需要决定地址选在哪儿、向顾客提供什么种类的饭菜、主要顾客群是谁等问题。 管理者在计划、组织、指挥或控制组织行为的同时，也是在做出一系列的决策 Decision Making Programmed Decision Routine, virtually automatic decision making that follows established rules or guidelines. Managers have made the same decision many times before There are rules or guidelines to follow based on experience with past decisions Little ambiguity involved Decision Making Non-Programmed Decisions Nonroutine decision making that occurs in response to unusual, unpredictable opportunities and threats. 决策的类型 机会反应型决策与威胁反应型决策 程序性决策和非程序性决策 决策的构成要素 a. 决策者。即做出决策的人。 b. 决策目标。明白为什么决策。 c. 决策环境。相关决策是在什么背景做出的。 d. 决策方案。如果针对特定目标，只有唯一途径可以达到，就根本无需决策，只有当有两种以上的途径可实现同一目标时，决策才有实际意义。 e. 决策技术。能够对各种决策方案的优劣进行判断及评价的方法。 影响决策的因素 环境：环境分析，研究与管理，反应。 过去的决策：历史存量，初始结构 对风险态度：成功与失败. 厌恶—中性—偏好 组织文化：群体文化取向. 创新—保守 进取---稳健 风格不同 时间：美学者 威廉.金： 时间敏感：交通事故的反应—迅速反应；战争 知识