癌症的标志.docVIP

1、 Figure 1. The Hallmarks of Cancer This illustration encompasses the six hallmark capabilities originally proposed in our 2000 perspective. The past decade has witnessed remarkable progress toward understanding the mechanistic underpinnings of each hallmark. 这说明包括最初在2000年的角度提出的6个标志性的能力。在过去的十年里对理解每一个标志的机械基础取得了举世瞩目的进步。 Figure 2. Intracellular Signaling Networks Regulate the Operations of the Cancer Cell An elaborate integrated circuit operates within normal cells and is reprogrammed to regulate hallmark capabilities within cancer cells. Separate subcircuits, depicted here in differently colored fields, are specialized to orchestrate the various capabilities. At one level, this depiction is simplistic, as there is considerable crosstalk between such subcircuits. In addition, because each cancer cell is exposed to a complex mixture of signals from its microenvironment, each of these subcircuits is connected with signals originating from other cells in the tumor microenvironment, as outlined in Figure 5. 一个精心设计的集成电路工作在正常细胞和癌细胞内标志。在这里描绘不同颜色的领域独的子电路，是专门各种功能。在一个层次上，这种描绘是简单的，因为有相当多的串扰之间的子。此外，因为每个癌细胞暴露于一个复杂的混合信号，这些子电路来自其他细胞，如图5所示。 Figure 3. Emerging Hallmarks and Enabling Characteristics An increasing body of research suggests that two additional hallmarks of cancer are involved in the pathogenesis of some and perhaps all cancers.One involves the capability to modify, or reprogram, cellular metabolism in order to most effectively support neoplastic proliferation. The second allows cancer cells to evade immunological destruction, in particular by T and B lymphocytes,macrophages, and natural killer cells. Because neither capability is yet generalized and fully validated, they are labeled as emerging hallmarks.Additionally, two consequential characteristics of neoplasia facilitate acquisition of both core and emerging hallmarks. Genomic instability and thus mutability endow cancer cells with genetic alterations that drive tumor progression. Inf