自然地理学课件DLX07soil.ppt

The composition and characteristics of soil The formation of Soil soil morphology(形态学) The types of Soil The distribution of Soil GIS--Soil What is Soil? a dynamic natural body composed of mineral and organic materials and living forms in which plants grow Is the uppermost layer of the land surface Soil conception is a natural surface layer contains living matter can support plants the soil is a very dynamic layer Pedology土壤学 特独的组成、形态、结构和功能 有机质与无机质的综合性。 土壤下界的难确定性（有无生命为标志） 土壤的特点(characteristics or nature) Includes mineral and organic matter can support plants. The soil consists of matter in all three states Solid liquid gas both mineral matter and organic matter 土壤的特点(characteristics) soil a very dynamic layer The solid, liquid, and gaseous matter of the soil are constantly changing interacting through chemical and physical processes. Soil development is a function of Soil Forming Factors climate organisms relief (topography) parent material time HUMANS What is soil composed of? mineral material (45%) organic material (5%) air (20-30%) water (20-30%) Question : how can get these data? Solid of soil mineral matter The primary minerals (原生矿物) silicate minerals-compounds of silicon and oxygen, with varying proportions of aluminum, calcium, sodium, iron, and magnesium. Quartz Feldspar Mica Clay secondary minerals (次生矿物) secondary minerals in soil: the most important secondary minerals are the clay minerals. are essential to soil fertility If the clay minerals can hold abundant base ions, the soil will be highly fertile primary minerals are slowly altered in chemical composition secondary minerals (次生矿物) KAlSi3O8+H2O —— Al2Si2O5(OH)4+K+ SOIL DEVELOPMENT The processes that act to form soils and soil layers Soil Horizons Most soils possess soil horizons--distinctive horizontal layers differ in physical composition chemical composition or organic content structure Horizons are often distinguished by color texture So