CCNA-第2章 OSI分层模型.pptVIP

Purpose: This figure illustrates de-encapsulation. Emphasize: At the destination, the headers at each layer are stripped off as the data moves back up the stack. Purpose: This figure illustrates de-encapsulation. Emphasize: At the destination, the headers at each layer are stripped off as the data moves back up the stack. Purpose: This section describes the physical layer in more detail. Note: 802.3 is responsible for LANs based on the carrier sense multiple access collision detect (CSMA/CD) access methodology. Ethernet is an example of a CSMA/CD network. EIA/TIA-232 and V.35 are physical standards that support synchronous serial. Emphasize: Network topology is not necessarily connected to network technology. For example, many Ethernet networks have a backbone bus topology. However, adding a switch or a hub to an Ethernet network changes it to a star topology. IEEE 802.3u defines the standard for a CSMA/CD LAN operating at 100Mbps, Fast Ethernet. In the case of Ethernet, such as 10BaseT, the first part describes the speed of the cable, the second part describes whether it is baseband or broadband cable, the final part describes the media. So, 10BaseT is 10 Mbps baseband twisted-pair cable. 双绞线(Twisted－Pair) 双绞线是现在最普通的传输介质，它由两条相互绝缘的铜线组成，典型直径为1毫米。两根线绞接在一起是为了防止其电磁感应在邻近线对中产生干扰信号。现行双绞线电缆中一般包含4个双绞线对，具体为橙1/橙2、蓝4/蓝5、绿6/绿3、棕3/棕白7。计算机网络使用1－2、3－6两组线对分别来发送和接收数据。双绞线接头为具有国际标准的RJ－45插头和插座。双绞线分为屏蔽(shielded)双绞线STP和非屏蔽(Unshielded)双绞线UTP，非屏蔽双绞线有线缆外皮作为屏蔽层，适用于网络流量不大的场合中。屏蔽式双绞线具有一个金属甲套(sheath)，对电磁干扰EMI(Electromagnetic Interference)具有较强的抵抗能力，适用于网络流量较大的高速网络协议应用。双绞线根据性能又可分为5类、6类和7类，现在常用的为5类非屏蔽双绞线，其频率带宽为100MHz，能够可靠地运行4MB、ICME和16MB的网络系统。当运行100MB以太网时，可使用屏蔽双绞线以提高网络在高速传输时的抗干扰特性。6类、7类双绞线分别可工作于200MHz和600MHz的频率带宽之上，且采用特殊设计的RJ45插头(座)。值得注意的是，频率带宽(MHz)与线缆所传输的数据的传输速率(Mbps)是有区别的——Mbps衡量的是单位时间内线路传输的二进制位的数量，MHz衡量的则是单位时间内线路中电信号的振荡次数。双绞线最多应用于基于CMSA/CD(Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collission Detection，载波感应多路访问/冲突检测)技术，即10BASE－T(10Mbps)和100BASE－T(100Mbps)的以太网(Ethernet)中，具体规定有： ● 一段双绞线的最大长度为100米，只能连接一台